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- ♪♪

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{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:01:22,501 --> 00:01:24,626
♪♪

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00:01:50,501 --> 00:01:52,960
{\an8}speaking French

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00:02:44,000 --> 00:02:46,959
Sanamadougou and
Sahou are two of the

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00:02:47,000 --> 00:02:50,209
villages whom have
been experiencing the

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00:02:50,209 --> 00:02:54,374
difficulties that come from
having their lands seized.

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00:02:54,375 --> 00:02:58,500
In 2009, Modibo Keiïta, a Malian
tycoon, began expanding his

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00:02:58,501 --> 00:03:00,501
agribusiness into the region.

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00:03:06,334 --> 00:03:08,543
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:04:12,918 --> 00:04:14,836
{\an8}speaking French

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00:05:17,042 --> 00:05:18,833
{\an8}people talking

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00:05:18,834 --> 00:05:20,834
{\an8}child crying

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00:05:33,918 --> 00:05:36,710
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:06:37,709 --> 00:06:39,834
{\an8}speaking French

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00:07:14,459 --> 00:07:17,501
While dozens of international
corporations are establishing

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00:07:17,501 --> 00:07:20,543
a foothold in the region,
powerful figures from within the

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00:07:20,544 --> 00:07:23,541
country run agribusiness
projects heavily financed

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00:07:23,542 --> 00:07:24,999
from abroad.

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{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:07:28,834 --> 00:07:30,750
Foreign investors can avoid

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00:07:30,751 --> 00:07:34,418
public scrutiny by operating
behind the scenes of a local

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00:07:34,419 --> 00:07:38,043
entrepreneur like Modibo Keiïta,
owner of Moulin Moderne de Mali

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00:07:38,044 --> 00:07:41,876
and its subsidiary, Grand
Distributeur Céréalier du Mali.

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00:07:46,083 --> 00:07:48,458
{\an8}speaking French

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00:08:21,375 --> 00:08:23,709
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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{\an8}woman singing

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00:08:40,083 --> 00:08:42,333
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:09:02,959 --> 00:09:05,958
{\an8}bleating

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00:09:05,959 --> 00:09:08,333
{\an8}people talking

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00:09:08,334 --> 00:09:10,751
{\an8}men singing

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00:09:30,167 --> 00:09:32,334
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:11:39,209 --> 00:11:42,127
{\an8}speaking French

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00:12:24,125 --> 00:12:27,500
{\an8}people talking

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00:12:34,834 --> 00:12:36,834
{\an8}speaking French

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00:12:59,751 --> 00:13:02,377
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:14:34,501 --> 00:14:36,835
{\an8}speaking in French

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00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:08,501
{\an8}hubbub

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00:15:13,834 --> 00:15:15,834
{\an8}protest in foreign language

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00:15:22,709 --> 00:15:24,709
{\an8}man speaking French

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00:15:53,918 --> 00:15:56,127
{\an8}man speaking French

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00:16:46,501 --> 00:16:48,460
♪♪

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00:17:15,834 --> 00:17:18,422
Mali has been hit by
droughts and food

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00:17:18,442 --> 00:17:21,583
shortages numerous times
over the last decade.

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00:17:21,584 --> 00:17:25,460
The villages of Sanamadougou and
Sahou, given their location in

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00:17:25,461 --> 00:17:29,335
the most fertile region of Mali,
once produced enough food that

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00:17:29,336 --> 00:17:33,168
they were regularly donating
their surplus to famine relief.

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00:17:33,169 --> 00:17:37,001
But, after the seizure of their
farmland, they no longer produce

49
00:17:37,002 --> 00:17:39,000
even enough food for themselves.

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00:17:43,792 --> 00:17:45,834
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:18:13,834 --> 00:18:15,833
{\an8}indistinct conversations

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00:18:15,834 --> 00:18:17,834
{\an8}drumming

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00:18:20,751 --> 00:18:24,252
In the face of aggressive
land grabs, in 2011,

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00:18:24,667 --> 00:18:26,418
the National Coordination of the

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00:18:26,419 --> 00:18:28,126
Peasants' Organizations of Mali

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00:18:28,127 --> 00:18:30,724
and Via Campesina,
the global farmers

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00:18:30,744 --> 00:18:33,500
coalition, held a
conference to develop

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00:18:33,501 --> 00:18:36,918
strategies for smallholder
farmers to keep and regain their

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00:18:36,919 --> 00:18:40,544
land. Those gathered made a firm
commitment to organize together,

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00:18:40,545 --> 00:18:44,043
by forming cooperatives to
acquire land for their members,

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00:18:44,044 --> 00:18:47,668
developing tools and resources
for them to have access to

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00:18:47,669 --> 00:18:49,418
similar contracts that are being

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00:18:49,419 --> 00:18:51,126
granted to the large investors,

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00:18:51,127 --> 00:18:53,865
as well as providing
legal support to

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00:18:53,885 --> 00:18:56,500
those members whose
land rights are

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being threatened.

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00:18:58,209 --> 00:18:59,876
{\an8}hubbub

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00:19:07,125 --> 00:19:11,334
In March 2012, the government
set up a commission in response

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00:19:11,334 --> 00:19:13,458
to the farmers' movement.

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00:19:13,459 --> 00:19:17,626
However, with the coups d'état
later that year, the commission

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00:19:17,626 --> 00:19:21,833
dissolved. Ironically, the coup
d'état has scared away many of

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00:19:21,834 --> 00:19:24,877
the investors, massively
slowing down the

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00:19:24,897 --> 00:19:27,958
land grabs in the
Office du Niger region.

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00:19:27,959 --> 00:19:31,958
Even so, given the access to
fresh water and irrigation

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00:19:31,959 --> 00:19:34,846
system, Mali remains
one of the primary

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00:19:34,866 --> 00:19:37,917
destinations for land
grabbing worldwide.

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00:19:37,918 --> 00:19:39,918
♪♪

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Subsistence farming has fed

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00:19:48,834 --> 00:19:51,500
the world for millennia.

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00:19:51,501 --> 00:19:54,203
Down through the
ages, growers have

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00:19:54,223 --> 00:19:57,625
transferred their seeds
and their knowledge.

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00:19:57,626 --> 00:20:01,277
But in one short
century, agriculture has

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00:20:01,297 --> 00:20:04,791
gone from a way of
life for millions of

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00:20:04,792 --> 00:20:08,250
small-scale farmers
to a global industry

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00:20:08,270 --> 00:20:11,834
dominated by a dozen
agribusiness giants.

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00:20:11,834 --> 00:20:15,231
Today, governments
and corporations buy

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00:20:15,251 --> 00:20:18,666
up farmland at home
and abroad for food

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00:20:18,667 --> 00:20:21,784
production or for
profit, leaving

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00:20:21,804 --> 00:20:25,126
farmers without
land or livelihood.

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00:20:27,334 --> 00:20:29,833
Advocates claim that industrial

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00:20:29,834 --> 00:20:32,458
farming will solve the food

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00:20:32,459 --> 00:20:36,918
crisis. Yet it is creating
new problems for us all.

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00:20:46,876 --> 00:20:50,229
While 70% of all land
grabs today occur in

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00:20:50,249 --> 00:20:53,541
sub-Saharan Africa,
Eastern Europe, Latin

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00:20:53,542 --> 00:20:56,576
America, and Central
and East Asia are

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00:20:56,596 --> 00:21:00,041
quickly becoming hot
spots for agricultural

97
00:21:00,042 --> 00:21:02,291
land acquisitions.

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00:21:02,292 --> 00:21:05,043
A key factor in massive
land grabs is the

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00:21:05,063 --> 00:21:07,834
multitude of bilateral
and regional trade

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00:21:07,835 --> 00:21:10,671
agreements, often
overseen by international

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00:21:10,691 --> 00:21:13,418
bodies like the World
Trade Organization.

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00:21:13,419 --> 00:21:17,001
The potential profits drive
corporations, both foreign and

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00:21:17,002 --> 00:21:20,792
national, to acquire as much
land as possible to benefit from

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00:21:20,793 --> 00:21:24,584
these duty and quota-free
export agreements.

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00:21:40,250 --> 00:21:42,834
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:21:44,834 --> 00:21:48,001
{\an8}woman speaking in French

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00:23:06,209 --> 00:23:09,626
Foreign companies are subject to
land quotas, but teaming up with

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00:23:09,627 --> 00:23:12,876
powerful local figures gives
them access to much larger

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00:23:12,877 --> 00:23:14,876
tracts of land.

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00:23:16,876 --> 00:23:19,942
The Mitr Pohl Group
from Thailand owns

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00:23:19,962 --> 00:23:23,124
70% of the Koh Kong
Plantation Company.

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00:23:23,125 --> 00:23:27,292
The other 30% is held by
Taiwanese firm We Wong Corp.

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00:23:27,292 --> 00:23:31,459
Powerful Cambodian businessman
and ruling party senator,

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00:23:31,459 --> 00:23:35,583
Ly Young Phat, is the director
of the Koh Kong Plantation

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00:23:35,584 --> 00:23:39,751
Company. Locals refer to the
company by the senator's name:

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00:23:39,751 --> 00:23:41,751
Ly Young Phat.

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{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:24:39,250 --> 00:24:41,584
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:25:42,709 --> 00:25:45,210
{\an8}people talking

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00:25:50,501 --> 00:25:52,460
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:26:57,959 --> 00:27:02,082
Before The Khmer Rouge came to
power in 1975, people owned

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00:27:02,083 --> 00:27:05,388
their own land. The
Khmer Rouge destroyed

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00:27:05,408 --> 00:27:08,417
all paperwork,
including land titles.

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00:27:08,417 --> 00:27:12,542
In 2001, a new land law allowed
people to register land they had

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00:27:12,543 --> 00:27:16,666
been living on for more than
5 years. But most farmers--

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00:27:16,667 --> 00:27:20,791
being uninformed, illiterate,
and poor--did not register,

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00:27:20,792 --> 00:27:24,834
so on paper their land
belongs to the state.

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00:27:36,501 --> 00:27:39,460
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:28:22,751 --> 00:28:25,834
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:29:14,667 --> 00:29:16,667
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:30:33,292 --> 00:30:35,168
{\an8}rooster crowing

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00:30:37,209 --> 00:30:39,835
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:32:22,501 --> 00:32:24,501
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:32:56,542 --> 00:32:58,584
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:33:40,125 --> 00:33:42,751
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:33:42,751 --> 00:33:44,751
{\an8}woman laughing

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00:34:32,709 --> 00:34:34,460
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:36:12,292 --> 00:36:15,709
{\an8}speaking French

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00:38:37,292 --> 00:38:39,959
{\an8}speaking Khmer

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00:40:13,334 --> 00:40:17,001
Resistance to land grabs and
trade agreements continues to

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00:40:17,002 --> 00:40:18,876
grow throughout the country.

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00:40:18,876 --> 00:40:21,872
The people on the ground
are backed by the

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00:40:21,892 --> 00:40:24,625
Clean Sugar campaign,
an international

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00:40:24,626 --> 00:40:27,647
boycott pressuring the
companies to provide

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00:40:27,667 --> 00:40:30,293
restitution to
displaced land owners.

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00:40:39,000 --> 00:40:42,584
The surge in land grabs in
recent years can be traced to

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00:40:42,584 --> 00:40:46,001
speculation in food markets,
as well as droughts and floods

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00:40:46,002 --> 00:40:47,833
around the world.

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00:40:47,834 --> 00:40:52,541
In 2008 with the global economic
crisis, food prices skyrocketed.

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00:40:52,542 --> 00:40:57,249
250 million more people were
pushed over the brink, swelling

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00:40:57,250 --> 00:41:00,617
the total of hungry
people to over one

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00:41:00,637 --> 00:41:04,459
billion. A global food
crisis was declared.

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00:41:04,459 --> 00:41:06,126
{\an8}child crying

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00:41:08,751 --> 00:41:10,705
At the same time,
banks and other

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00:41:10,725 --> 00:41:12,293
investors were in trouble.

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00:41:12,294 --> 00:41:15,834
Seeking more stable investments,
they began to take control of

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00:41:15,835 --> 00:41:19,501
the entire supply chain, from
the land where food is grown,

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00:41:19,502 --> 00:41:21,293
to its production and sale.

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00:41:21,294 --> 00:41:23,833
{\an8}dog barking

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00:41:23,834 --> 00:41:25,833
And, to ensure their own food

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00:41:25,834 --> 00:41:27,833
security, wealthy nations

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00:41:27,834 --> 00:41:31,752
acquired large tracts of land
throughout the global South.

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00:41:31,753 --> 00:41:35,500
This drove up the
value of farmland.

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00:41:35,501 --> 00:41:38,668
Far from the fields, food
commodity prices are set

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00:41:38,669 --> 00:41:40,910
in financial centres
at agricultural

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00:41:40,930 --> 00:41:43,376
commodity market
exchanges, such as the

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00:41:43,377 --> 00:41:46,500
one in Chicago, the
largest in North America.

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{\an8}honking

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00:41:48,834 --> 00:41:52,166
{\an8}siren

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00:41:52,167 --> 00:41:54,043
{\an8}hubbub

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00:42:00,334 --> 00:42:03,486
- There already is quite
a bit of speculation

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00:42:03,506 --> 00:42:06,126
in place for the
agriculture markets,

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00:42:06,501 --> 00:42:10,252
but what we want is
for the, you know...

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00:42:10,667 --> 00:42:13,571
If supply is short
and prices are

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00:42:13,591 --> 00:42:16,082
high, we want that signal to

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00:42:16,083 --> 00:42:19,706
go to investment, to
increase investment

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00:42:19,726 --> 00:42:23,458
around the world, so
that we can increase

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00:42:23,459 --> 00:42:26,999
production in
developing countries.

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00:42:27,000 --> 00:42:30,918
Certainly, if you see the price
of raw agriculture commodities

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00:42:30,918 --> 00:42:34,836
go up, the value of the land
that those commodities are grown

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00:42:34,837 --> 00:42:38,833
on are going to increase as
well. And I think that's what

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00:42:38,834 --> 00:42:42,833
we've seen over the last 5 years
or so. Just the value of the

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00:42:42,834 --> 00:42:46,833
production has increased, so the
value of that farm ground has

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00:42:46,834 --> 00:42:50,013
increased to represent
that greater

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00:42:50,033 --> 00:42:52,876
value of what's being produced.

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00:42:52,876 --> 00:42:58,625
We see great opportunity in
Africa. There's a lot of good

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00:42:58,626 --> 00:43:03,418
farm ground in Africa that could
be more efficiently produced.

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00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:17,000
{\an8}hubbub

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00:43:19,792 --> 00:43:23,166
- Under pressure from
the World Bank and the

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00:43:23,167 --> 00:43:25,434
International Fund
for Agricultural

191
00:43:25,454 --> 00:43:28,376
Development, the Uganda
government looked for

192
00:43:28,377 --> 00:43:30,042
projects that would help it

193
00:43:30,043 --> 00:43:31,833
qualify for loans.

194
00:43:31,834 --> 00:43:35,311
One such project is
a partnership with

195
00:43:35,331 --> 00:43:38,917
Kenya's BIDCO, the
largest private seed

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00:43:38,918 --> 00:43:43,833
company in Africa. The aim is to
increase production of vegetable

197
00:43:43,834 --> 00:43:48,126
oil, through the use of palm oil
for domestic use and export.

198
00:44:53,042 --> 00:44:55,541
{\an8}people talking

199
00:44:55,542 --> 00:44:57,667
{\an8}bleating

200
00:46:42,417 --> 00:46:45,918
{\an8}hubbub

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00:46:55,000 --> 00:46:57,042
{\an8}birds singing

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00:47:13,959 --> 00:47:16,501
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

203
00:50:58,501 --> 00:51:00,460
{\an8}chainsaw buzzing

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00:51:09,667 --> 00:51:12,168
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

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00:51:16,834 --> 00:51:21,791
While the majority of farmers
are customary land owners,

206
00:51:21,792 --> 00:51:26,583
a minority do hold land titles,
most of whom accepted BIDCO's

207
00:51:26,584 --> 00:51:31,374
offer of partnership and
became oil palm "outgrowers."

208
00:51:31,375 --> 00:51:35,126
However, "outgrowers" must cover
the cost of seeds, fertilizer

209
00:51:35,127 --> 00:51:38,084
and labour. To assist
them, the government

210
00:51:38,119 --> 00:51:40,833
obtained loans from
the United Nations

211
00:51:40,834 --> 00:51:44,793
International Fund for
Agricultural Development.

212
00:51:57,000 --> 00:51:59,000
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

213
00:53:19,918 --> 00:53:22,001
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

214
00:53:26,334 --> 00:53:29,293
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

215
00:54:36,501 --> 00:54:39,501
{\an8}speaking English with accent

216
00:55:09,292 --> 00:55:11,292
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

217
00:55:37,417 --> 00:55:38,833
{\an8}laughing

218
00:55:38,834 --> 00:55:40,376
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

219
00:57:19,834 --> 00:57:21,834
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

220
00:58:47,834 --> 00:58:49,834
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

221
01:03:04,375 --> 01:03:06,542
{\an8}crows cawing

222
01:03:10,250 --> 01:03:13,121
One of the partners
on the project is

223
01:03:13,141 --> 01:03:16,791
Singaporean company WILMAR,
the world's largest

224
01:03:16,792 --> 01:03:20,917
producer of biodiesel. In 2012,
Newsweek magazine ranked WILMAR

225
01:03:20,918 --> 01:03:25,333
as the least green company in
the world, coming in at the 500

226
01:03:25,334 --> 01:03:29,626
slot largely due to the massive
amount of deforestation the

227
01:03:29,626 --> 01:03:33,835
company partakes in for
the planting of palm oil.

228
01:04:42,751 --> 01:04:44,834
♪♪

229
01:05:12,626 --> 01:05:14,460
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

230
01:06:11,250 --> 01:06:15,709
Large quantities of fungicides,
herbicides, insecticides and

231
01:06:15,709 --> 01:06:19,958
fertilizers are applied during
the process of planting oil

232
01:06:19,959 --> 01:06:24,543
palm. These agrochemicals
are produced and

233
01:06:24,584 --> 01:06:28,833
sold by agricultural
GMO giant Monsanto.

234
01:06:28,834 --> 01:06:30,834
{\an8}chainsaw buzzing

235
01:06:53,834 --> 01:06:55,834
♪♪

236
01:07:15,375 --> 01:07:18,834
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

237
01:08:00,042 --> 01:08:02,125
{\an8}women chattering and laughing

238
01:08:08,834 --> 01:08:12,311
Fish has always been
the primary source of

239
01:08:12,331 --> 01:08:15,583
protein for the
residents of Kalangala.

240
01:08:15,584 --> 01:08:20,833
Three years ago the price of a
Tilapia fish on the island was

241
01:08:20,834 --> 01:08:24,571
35 cents US. Today
the same fish costs

242
01:08:24,591 --> 01:08:28,251
a $1.50 US, more
than 4 times higher.

243
01:08:30,250 --> 01:08:33,542
The reason for this dramatic
increase is twofold.

244
01:08:33,543 --> 01:08:36,832
With reduced access to the land,
many former farmers have become

245
01:08:36,833 --> 01:08:39,357
fishermen, leading
to overexploitation

246
01:08:39,377 --> 01:08:41,790
of fish for local
and global markets

247
01:08:41,791 --> 01:08:44,355
resulting in diminished
quantities. Then

248
01:08:44,375 --> 01:08:46,707
there is the water
pollution that is

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01:08:46,708 --> 01:08:49,008
suspected to come
from the thousands of

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01:08:49,028 --> 01:08:51,581
tonnes of chemicals
used in planting of the

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01:08:51,582 --> 01:08:53,582
oil palm.

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01:09:21,499 --> 01:09:22,957
{\an8}song in foreign language

253
01:09:22,958 --> 01:09:24,624
{\an8}hubbub

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01:09:45,749 --> 01:09:47,749
♪♪

255
01:09:54,499 --> 01:09:57,833
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

256
01:10:56,833 --> 01:10:58,457
{\an8}speaking in foreign language

257
01:11:16,833 --> 01:11:20,832
Food Sovereignty is people
having the right to define their

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01:11:20,833 --> 01:11:24,915
own food systems. It puts those
who produce, distribute and

259
01:11:24,916 --> 01:11:28,998
consume food at the centre of
decision making, not the market

260
01:11:28,999 --> 01:11:33,123
forces that dominate the
global food system.

261
01:11:33,124 --> 01:11:36,288
But governments and
investors don't bear

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01:11:36,308 --> 01:11:39,415
all the responsibility.
Everyone in the

263
01:11:39,416 --> 01:11:43,623
global North is unwittingly
involved. Pension funds and

264
01:11:43,624 --> 01:11:46,708
development institutions
channel massive

265
01:11:46,728 --> 01:11:49,832
amounts of money into
land acquisitions.

266
01:11:49,833 --> 01:11:52,788
Today's industrial food
system has not only

267
01:11:52,808 --> 01:11:55,581
created a global food
crisis, it is also

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01:11:55,582 --> 01:11:59,415
a leading cause of
the climate crisis.

269
01:11:59,416 --> 01:12:03,748
Agrifood production pumps out
nearly half the world's human-

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01:12:03,749 --> 01:12:07,093
made greenhouse gas
emissions, which gives

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01:12:07,113 --> 01:12:10,164
us all even more
reason to maintain an

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01:12:10,165 --> 01:12:14,540
agriculture system that feeds
the planet, not simply the

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01:12:14,541 --> 01:12:16,707
speculative profits of a few.

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01:12:16,709 --> 01:12:18,627
♪♪