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[car honks]

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[city traffic sounds]

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(Jeff Bridges) This Earth was here before us,

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Every living thing on it has evolved together, over eons of time.

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And although we are part of the web of life,

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because we see it,

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we think we stand above it.

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From all that nature gave us, we have made a new world out of wilderness,

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Built great civilizations.

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It seemed there was nothing we could not do.

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Even the sky itself was not the limit.

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We see the symptoms of a reality we didn't expect.

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Have we reached the limitations of our human nature?

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Is this the end of the line for us?

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It's hard to tell from our current point of view,

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living here in the future's past.

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[explosions]

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[british accent] The world that we live in

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when you see it in space, you understand there's a planet that's bowling around the sun,

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turning on its axis.

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The oceans, clouds, mountains, forests.

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You see it all from up there.

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You can see over a thousand miles

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and it's all moving underneath you at five miles per second.

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When you look at the horizon,

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you see a very, very thin

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little blue ribbon of atmosphere

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and it really brings home to you

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it was a shock to me and I'm a scientist, okay,

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I thought I had all the scales worked out, intellectually,

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but it was a shock to me to see how thin the atmosphere is

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and how obviously it's easily affected by what we do.

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And how obviously it's easily affected by what we do.

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This is the great challenge of our time

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dealing with the

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human impact on the environment

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and what it means in terms of our civilization going forward.

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We cut all the trees.

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We kill all the fish.

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We consume and consume.

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[british accent] So much ecological writing,

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you know, just open the paper,

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is about the end of the world.

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Is about the end of the world.

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It's starting! Like, when's it going to start?

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And, the concept world It's starting!

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And, the concept world

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as a sort of way of distinguishing between

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as a sort of way of distinguishing between

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human beings and everything else, has evaporated.

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This is the only place that we know,

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out of this whole universe, that we can live.

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Life is messy.

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We are changing multiple aspects of the

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Predicting all the effects of it

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[british accent] What do we do?

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We've been standing back and watching nature

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It's on everyone's mind:

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Why are why not doing more in response?

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We've used our abilities to build a huge,

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technological society that's very advanced.

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But, in our essence, we're still animals.

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And one of the problems is that, as animals,

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And one of the problems is that, as animals,

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we have certain emotions and certain tendencies

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that are counter-productive in our great, complex society.

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That are counter-productive in our great, complex society.

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[british accent] Spinoza, the philosopher, has said,

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Man doesn't understand the unconscious processes

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which actually really control their conscious behaviors and thoughts.

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(Jeff Bridges) Perhaps the solutions

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in our genes,

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our subconscious motivations, in our genes,

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our subconscious motivations,

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our most primal instincts.

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We are the most flexible species

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ever evolved, I would think.

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And when you see people thriving in the arctic,

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and you see people thriving in the Kalahari Desert,

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and you see people thriving in the Amazon Rainforest,

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we also have the ability to destroy all of those habitats,

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and everything in between.

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(Jeff Bridges) Can looking at evolution help us understand

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and the future of humanity? (Jeff Bridges)

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and the future of humanity?

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And the future of humanity?

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From an evolutionary perspective,

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another species.

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We're unique, but

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evolutionary biology sees every species as unique.

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Every species, everywhere, is a genius at survival,

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otherwise it wouldn't be here.

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Every species can teach us something.

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(Bruce Hood) [british accent]

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The plants and animals,

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they just seem so different to each other.

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But, we're all made of the same stuff.

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The atoms, which make the molecules,

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And the diversity started this process

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So, we know that natural selection has allowed diversity to appear

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as a process of winning out those who are most suited to the environments.

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[british accent] Natural selection

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[british accent] Natural selection

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different lineages of organisms,

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and we are at the top of one of those lineages.

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(Timothy Morton) [british accent]

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That underneath our sophisticated civilization

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we are these utilitarian lumps. It's exactly the opposite.

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It means that being sophisticated and artistic

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and leads to the level of beetles with iridescent wing cases.

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And leads to the level of beetles with iridescent wing cases.

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Because there's something intrinsically non-utilitarian and playful

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about evolution.

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We're part of the system. We're nature.

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We're part of the Earth, and we're

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We're part of the Earth, and we're

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fundamentally dependent

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on its good graces.

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Very symbiotic relationship

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to everything on this Earth.

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I understand some people that if they say,

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'No, no, this is a science thing.'

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That's the province of God.

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I can hear that view, but I, I really don't think it's

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what I see in scripture. What I see in scripture is, 'C'mon',

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I want to show it to you. I want to reveal myself to you.'

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I don't see science as challenging my faith.

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In fact, I see it as affirming my faith.

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[british accent] We are new on the planet.

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We are the most newly

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We are a trial run.

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In terms of evolution, We are a trial run.

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In terms of evolution,

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animals adapt to their

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ecological conditions. But as humans,

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we have been able to control our ecological conditions.

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Evolution itself is a process by which

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organisms become more efficient at extracting resources from their environment.

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Humans are unique,

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and what makes us so different from all other animals

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is our mastery of technology.

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We're uniquely able to transform our environment in ways no other animals can.

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(Jeff Bridges) We humans are really

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that lucked out by becoming bi-pedal,

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and discovering how to coerce other animals from a distance,

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by being able to throw.

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We figured out how to tame fire

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and use it to our advantage.

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Our evolving technology allowed us to expand into new territories

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and manipulate the environment in ways that gave us an edge.

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[british accent] Places like this remind me about

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We're so used to living in air conditioning

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We're so used to living in air conditioning

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and having the comfort of the modern world.

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But when you go out into nature, and experience it firsthand,

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you're reminded very powerfully about how weak we are as an animal.

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You're reminded very powerfully about how weak we are as an animal.

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(Jeff Bridges) And this is because we are

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Culture is our life support system.

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Our cumulative culture allows us to cushion ourselves

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against the harsh realities of the environment

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and to reshape the environment.

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Our culture is an integral part of our ecology.

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We can trace human ancestors back over 4 million years,

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and anatomically modern humans for more than 200,000 years.

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Snd we have inherited their successful survival traits.

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These traits are in all of us, to some extent,

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traits like optimizing time, These traits are in all of us,

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traits like optimizing time,

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really caring about what other people think about us,

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and comparing ourselves to others.

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And comparing ourselves to others.

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We are still trying to attain

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the same daily emotional state as our successful ancestors.

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We carry the same neurotransmitters in our brains

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that created the exhilarating feeling

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our ancient ancestors got when they had the unexpected reward

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of finding a berry, or a nut,

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or were looking forward to a successful hunt.

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But in a culture of amazing technology,

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we are surrounded by ready-made stimuli, pushing us to reward ourselves.

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Our evolutionary impulses can be easily hijacked.

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[british accent] Irrespective of where you grew up,

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it's in our DNA to copy those around us.

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For humans, imitation is part and parcel of what it is to be a member of a tribe.

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Now our adaptations are primarily to the cultural environment we created around us.

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If we don't fit into our culture, Now our adaptations are primarily

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If we don't fit into our culture,

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we're not going to reproduce, we're not going to survive very well.

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We're going to be ostracized,

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and being ostracized in a social species like ours,

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and being ostracized in a social species like ours,

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can feel like a death sentence.

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Do we have a human brain mismatched between how we evolved to be here,

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and the modern circumstances we find ourselves in?

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Are our needs any different from our ancestors?

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Are our needs any different from our ancestors?

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[british accent] Need, the word,

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like, 'I really need a bar of chocolate.'

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that from my point of view,

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I'm sure Neanderthals would have totally loved Coca Cola Zero.

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They looked really good and pure because they didn't have it,

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you know, it's us poor saps, but presumably they got the same nervous system.

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If it's true that Neanderthals would have also become addicted to Angry Birds,

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[video game sounds] ba-ling

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there's something true in contemporary society, it's saying something true

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about ancient people.

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[british accent] This is a modern human brain.

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It's identical to the brain of individuals

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But the information which is stored in the modern brain is very different

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to that of our ancestors.

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The brain basically encodes information

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and that information changes from one generation to the next.

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So, you can see the course of human evolution as the

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uh, accumulation of wisdom and knowledge

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that we pass on from one generation to the next.

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[wind rushing]

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[water gurgling]

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Our perceptual system isn't attuned to

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the massive changes that

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are happening on the planet,

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nor are they attuned to the very fine-grained details of those changes.

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Our brain's nor are they attuned to

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Our brain's

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alarm system for threat, the amygdala, the emotional centers

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are very tuned to these earlier dangers

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from a time when that rustle in the bushes might be a tiger that was about to eat you

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or today's symbolic realities: 'I'm not being treated fair,

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or, 'Honey, we have to talk,' or whatever it is that triggers you.

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We have a very quick system

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that is dealing with gut reactions,

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with, uh, an instant response to danger.

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And on the other hand, we have a slower,

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which takes time to engage, and which is slow and ponderous,

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that we should keep engaged

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when we're looking at complex issues in the world around us.

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(Jeff Bridges) We are physical and biological beings

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That sounds pretty trippy, and it is.

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Where every part contains information about the whole.

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The long view is both forward and back.

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(Amy Jacobson) For 99.9% of our evolutionary history,

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hunting and gathering people,

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living in small kin groups

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where everybody was related

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and therefore, had a vested interest

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in taking care of each other.

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We also lived off of the land in such a way that

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we did not live beyond the carrying capacity of the environment.

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There was no way to store food for long period of time,

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and therefore, there was no ability to acquire surplus.

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This resulted in a very egalitarian social system where

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women had autonomy,

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there was no real rigid dominance hierarchy among men,

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and it was only after the invention of agriculture and the domestication of plants and animals

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that humans were faced with the situation of what to do with these surplus resources.

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(Jeff Bridges) This was the beginning of

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We started farming for the first time.

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Everything took off from there.

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And that's only been around 12,000 years.

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That's a blink of an eye, in evolutionary terms.

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Controlling the production and distribution of these surplus resources

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led to a change in human cultural and social organization.

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[canons firing] [crowd cheering]

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(Jeff Bridges) Cultural evolution is a

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00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:01,918
It has all the properties of an evolving system.

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Since we found agriculture, things changed.

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And we,

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We started to act like a larger entity

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just like an ant colony, or a termite colony,

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00:17:16,417 --> 00:17:21,751
[bees buzzing] bzzzzzzz

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(Jeff Bridges) Bees and ants are individual organisms

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They rush about to feed or defend the colony

273
00:17:32,919 --> 00:17:37,500
and collectively they create a super-organism.

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Of course, humans are not social insects,

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but if you were able to watch a village or a city from a distance over time,

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it looks a lot like a growing interdependent super-organism.

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A reorganization

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of material existence with far reaching implications.

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Today we live in a world of material abundance

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And this leads us to think

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00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:12,208
that this is normal for humans, that it's the normal human condition.

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Early societies, even through the middle ages,

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and up until almost the modern era

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had 90% of their economies devoted to the production of energy,

285
00:18:22,084 --> 00:18:23,500
primarily in the form of food. Had 90% of their economies

286
00:18:23,501 --> 00:18:24,292
primarily in the form of food.

287
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That meant that 90% of what people did involved producing energy.

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In other words, just getting by.

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(Jeff Bridges) Our lives

290
00:18:38,459 --> 00:18:39,998
Sunlight hit the earth,

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photosynthesis grew the plants,

292
00:18:42,125 --> 00:18:45,998
rain and soil with the nutrients grew crops,

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00:18:45,999 --> 00:18:47,751
animals ate the crops,

294
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and we ate the animals.

295
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Energy transforms from one state to another.

296
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Our bodies were product of the current sunlight of the day.

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00:19:04,459 --> 00:19:08,667
[italian accent] And we are just transient entities,

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00:19:08,668 --> 00:19:10,999
move a little bit, and then disappear.

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00:19:11,000 --> 00:19:13,960
That's the way the system works.

300
00:19:13,961 --> 00:19:16,998
And, we have this chance

301
00:19:16,999 --> 00:19:18,166
to be alive,

302
00:19:18,167 --> 00:19:20,998
to move on this planet, to do things on this planet,

303
00:19:20,999 --> 00:19:23,998
to create things on this planet, because we have this

304
00:19:23,999 --> 00:19:26,999
gigantic flux of energy coming from the sun.

305
00:19:32,999 --> 00:19:36,166
The whole universe is a giant machine

306
00:19:36,167 --> 00:19:39,542
for dispersing energy potential.

307
00:19:39,543 --> 00:19:41,998
Energy is everything in the sense that

308
00:19:41,999 --> 00:19:45,333
nothing moves in the universe without

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00:19:45,334 --> 00:19:47,998
an energy potential available.

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00:19:47,999 --> 00:19:50,919
[flames roaring]

311
00:19:52,999 --> 00:19:55,375
[birds chirping] chirp chirp chirp

312
00:19:55,376 --> 00:19:56,998
[machinery moving]

313
00:19:56,999 --> 00:19:59,709
(Ugo Bardi) We have been also

314
00:19:59,710 --> 00:20:01,918
already very large amount of energy

315
00:20:01,919 --> 00:20:06,500
by means of using ancient processes

316
00:20:06,501 --> 00:20:07,998
frozen

317
00:20:07,999 --> 00:20:10,876
below the ground in the Earth's crust

318
00:20:10,877 --> 00:20:15,626
in the form of what we call fossil fuels.

319
00:20:15,627 --> 00:20:18,208
(Jeff Bridges) Fossil sunlight is so powerful

320
00:20:18,209 --> 00:20:21,584
it's indistinguishable from magic.

321
00:20:21,585 --> 00:20:23,709
And we're mining this ancient sunlight

322
00:20:23,710 --> 00:20:27,084
in a very brief period of human history.

323
00:20:34,919 --> 00:20:37,998
A chemical composition of 50%

324
00:20:37,999 --> 00:20:42,166
of the protein in our bodies, and 80% of the nitrogen in our bodies

325
00:20:42,167 --> 00:20:45,667
indirectly comes from the chemical signature

326
00:20:45,668 --> 00:20:49,542
of this fossil sunlight that we're mining.

327
00:20:49,543 --> 00:20:52,999
So, we are different than our ancestors.

328
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:54,834
They were made of sunlight,

329
00:20:54,835 --> 00:20:56,542
we are made of fossil fuels.

330
00:20:56,543 --> 00:20:58,918
In hunting and gathering societies,

331
00:20:58,919 --> 00:21:04,542
can provide enough food to support maybe one person

332
00:21:04,543 --> 00:21:07,998
Basic subsistence agriculture can support more people,

333
00:21:07,999 --> 00:21:12,208
but nowhere near the population densities that we have today.

334
00:21:12,209 --> 00:21:14,292
The way we live is an anomaly.

335
00:21:20,877 --> 00:21:23,375
So, there's really no way for anyone

336
00:21:23,376 --> 00:21:25,626
to know at a, sort of, visceral level

337
00:21:25,627 --> 00:21:27,542
that there are problems with the system,

338
00:21:27,543 --> 00:21:32,626
and if you look around, it all works.

339
00:21:32,627 --> 00:21:36,998
We know historically, to the extent that we pay attention to it,

340
00:21:36,999 --> 00:21:37,919
we used to use wood.

341
00:21:37,920 --> 00:21:39,998
We're aware that our predecessors used wood

342
00:21:39,999 --> 00:21:44,166
and they used so much of it they had to switch to something else.

343
00:21:44,167 --> 00:21:49,333
They switched to coal.

344
00:21:49,334 --> 00:21:51,584
And then they switched to oil.

345
00:21:51,585 --> 00:21:52,585
Eighty years ago,

346
00:21:52,586 --> 00:21:55,998
the oil in America was just under the surface.

347
00:21:55,999 --> 00:21:59,998
We would need very little machinery to get these gusher wells

348
00:21:59,999 --> 00:22:03,041
and we would get out over 100 times

349
00:22:03,042 --> 00:22:05,084
the energy that we put in.

350
00:22:09,835 --> 00:22:12,960
Suddenly this whole new world of transportation opened up,

351
00:22:12,961 --> 00:22:16,500
and with that, this entirely new model for how we fed ourselves,

352
00:22:16,501 --> 00:22:18,999
how we clothed ourselves and built shelter,

353
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:22,960
and it totally changed the way we live.

354
00:22:22,961 --> 00:22:29,998
It made it possible for us to move away from the country.

355
00:22:29,999 --> 00:22:33,375
Throughout human history, we had to live sort of scattered

356
00:22:33,376 --> 00:22:39,250
in order to not tax any particular resource too greatly.

357
00:22:39,251 --> 00:22:41,542
As we began to be able to import food,

358
00:22:41,543 --> 00:22:42,918
or import energy,

359
00:22:42,919 --> 00:22:44,709
we could live where we wanted to,

360
00:22:44,710 --> 00:22:45,999
and we wanted to live in the cities.

361
00:22:46,000 --> 00:22:51,998
So, we have this massive migration, and we empty the countryside.

362
00:22:51,999 --> 00:22:55,626
We all move to the city because we grow food in the country

363
00:22:55,627 --> 00:22:57,333
and we can just transport it to the city,

364
00:22:57,334 --> 00:23:00,998
and once you're in the city then you can do all these other things.

365
00:23:00,999 --> 00:23:03,999
You can create all this knowledge, create technologies,

366
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,834
you can create this massive economic growth,

367
00:23:06,835 --> 00:23:08,124
and the longer you live that way,

368
00:23:08,125 --> 00:23:12,417
the harder it is to remember what allowed it to start in the first place,

369
00:23:12,418 --> 00:23:15,501
and that was this idea of cheap energy.

370
00:23:26,961 --> 00:23:31,793
Humans gradually became a functional super-organism.

371
00:23:31,794 --> 00:23:36,375
At first, we would maximize grain surplus.

372
00:23:36,376 --> 00:23:38,876
We would grow more grain and store it,

373
00:23:38,877 --> 00:23:44,500
and that would allow our population to increase and our territory to expand.

374
00:23:44,501 --> 00:23:48,166
But now we're maximizing surplus value.

375
00:23:48,167 --> 00:23:51,999
We're maximizing financial, digital, electronic

376
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,998
representations of surplus.

377
00:23:55,999 --> 00:23:58,375
But all money really effectively is,

378
00:23:58,376 --> 00:24:02,375
is a claim on some energy services.

379
00:24:02,376 --> 00:24:03,998
And so what happens,

380
00:24:03,999 --> 00:24:07,208
is money,

381
00:24:07,209 --> 00:24:08,167
trade,

382
00:24:08,167 --> 00:24:09,125
technology

383
00:24:09,126 --> 00:24:17,126
are all in service of the super-organism.

384
00:24:18,543 --> 00:24:24,667
(Jeff Bridges) It's nearly impossible for individuals

385
00:24:24,668 --> 00:24:28,918
We contribute to and rely on a growing super-organism

386
00:24:28,919 --> 00:24:31,709
to feed us, clothe us,

387
00:24:31,710 --> 00:24:34,500
power our sophisticated communications,

388
00:24:34,501 --> 00:24:37,458
even protect our societies from each other

389
00:24:37,459 --> 00:24:41,998
through highly organized warfare.

390
00:24:41,999 --> 00:24:46,333
We live within a mesh of energy-eating interdependence

391
00:24:46,334 --> 00:24:49,458
and we never really see the big picture.

392
00:24:49,459 --> 00:24:54,542
A state of plenty can have unintended consequences.

393
00:24:54,543 --> 00:25:01,793
It is the paradox of our times.

394
00:25:01,794 --> 00:25:04,291
[british accent] Running in the background

395
00:25:04,292 --> 00:25:08,291
whether we consider ourselves to be capitalist, soviet, or feudal,

396
00:25:08,292 --> 00:25:11,417
everything is a kind of program,

397
00:25:11,418 --> 00:25:14,124
a kind of recipe, a kind of algorithm,

398
00:25:14,125 --> 00:25:16,250
the logistical functioning

399
00:25:16,251 --> 00:25:20,542
of Neolithic society, which started all over the world.

400
00:25:20,543 --> 00:25:22,998
The trouble is that when you wash, rinse, repeat,

401
00:25:22,999 --> 00:25:27,751
eventually, when you do it enough times, it starts to reveal its flaws.

402
00:25:27,752 --> 00:25:28,998
For example, me starting my car

403
00:25:28,999 --> 00:25:32,998
is statistically meaningless from a global warming point of view.

404
00:25:32,999 --> 00:25:35,709
Billions and billions of car ignition turnings

405
00:25:35,710 --> 00:25:37,458
has a meaning, and that's the paradox.

406
00:25:37,459 --> 00:25:41,041
All of a sudden, we realize that we're part of a super-organism.

407
00:25:41,042 --> 00:25:43,998
We are enmeshed in systems of production,

408
00:25:43,999 --> 00:25:49,041
systems of manufacture, systems of use.

409
00:25:49,042 --> 00:25:53,083
It's incredibly important to recognize that we're all

410
00:25:53,084 --> 00:25:54,291
part of the system. It's incredibly important

411
00:25:54,292 --> 00:25:57,125
part of the system.

412
00:26:04,835 --> 00:26:08,041
(Leonard Mlodinow) As social organisms,

413
00:26:08,042 --> 00:26:11,041
Our signals that we exchange

414
00:26:11,042 --> 00:26:13,998
than the simple chemical signals

415
00:26:13,999 --> 00:26:16,876
but we do exchange signals, and as humans,

416
00:26:16,877 --> 00:26:21,333
we take individual actions that, on the whole, cause emergent behavior.

417
00:26:21,334 --> 00:26:24,584
The problem happening today is that

418
00:26:24,585 --> 00:26:27,751
is growing very complex and detrimental

419
00:26:27,752 --> 00:26:29,998
to ourselves, and to many

420
00:26:29,999 --> 00:26:33,458
[squawking, honking]

421
00:26:33,459 --> 00:26:35,998
(Jeff Bridges) Emergent behavior

422
00:26:35,999 --> 00:26:38,667
It could be fast moving and unpredictable.

423
00:26:38,668 --> 00:26:44,709
No one could see our patterns of interaction would lead to the internet,

424
00:26:44,710 --> 00:26:45,876
the smart phone,

425
00:26:45,877 --> 00:26:47,999
the disappearance of phone booths,

426
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,998
and the rise of server farms.

427
00:26:50,999 --> 00:26:56,999
Who knows what will happen next?

428
00:26:57,000 --> 00:26:58,998
(Bob Inglis) We're all in this together.

429
00:26:58,999 --> 00:27:02,960
Maybe if you're off the grid

430
00:27:02,961 --> 00:27:05,960
maybe then you have the right

431
00:27:05,961 --> 00:27:10,542
We're tiny little microbes on the surface of this huge planet.

432
00:27:10,543 --> 00:27:15,418
We can actually affect the planet and cause it to respond.

433
00:27:27,835 --> 00:27:29,998
(Piers Sellers) [british accent]

434
00:27:29,999 --> 00:27:33,626
Emitting carbon dioxide at these rates,

435
00:27:33,627 --> 00:27:35,998
pretty soon we're going to be in trouble.

436
00:27:35,999 --> 00:27:39,458
We're going to have massive climatic disruption.

437
00:27:39,459 --> 00:27:42,083
The rainfall belts will move.

438
00:27:42,084 --> 00:27:47,458
People in the hundreds of millions, maybe a billion and a half people

439
00:27:47,459 --> 00:27:53,960
have problems getting access to fresh water and food.

440
00:27:53,961 --> 00:27:57,998
The issue is not what the world is like

441
00:27:57,999 --> 00:27:59,709
or when it's warm.

442
00:27:59,710 --> 00:28:01,500
We are in a time of change.

443
00:28:01,501 --> 00:28:04,998
What is interesting is how the world changes

444
00:28:04,999 --> 00:28:07,250
when you dramatically, in our case, increase

445
00:28:07,251 --> 00:28:11,584
the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

446
00:28:11,585 --> 00:28:17,542
Or, when it suffers mammoth biodiversity loss caused by our own behavior.

447
00:28:17,543 --> 00:28:18,876
If there's a big change coming,

448
00:28:18,877 --> 00:28:22,166
and we want to know what it might do in the future, what do we do?

449
00:28:22,167 --> 00:28:23,584
We look at what's happened in the past.

450
00:28:23,585 --> 00:28:28,250
Geological history largely reinforces the lessons from the climate models.

451
00:28:28,251 --> 00:28:30,083
The doubling of carbon dioxide will

452
00:28:30,084 --> 00:28:32,834
lead to about 2.5 degrees to 3 degrees (F) of warming.

453
00:28:32,835 --> 00:28:36,667
And the history of the Earth is broadly in agreement with that.

454
00:28:36,668 --> 00:28:43,998
So, a lot of my own research is focused on the reconstruction of past climate.

455
00:28:43,999 --> 00:28:47,542
We look at dramatic transitions

456
00:28:47,543 --> 00:28:49,876
And, there's not a lot of those,

457
00:28:49,877 --> 00:28:53,667
because in Earth history, things change gradually.

458
00:28:53,668 --> 00:28:55,208
Three years ago, I started on a project.

459
00:28:55,209 --> 00:28:58,998
It was to look at an event that was about 120 million years ago.

460
00:28:58,999 --> 00:29:00,542
And it was to explore exactly this:

461
00:29:00,543 --> 00:29:05,333
it was what we generally consider a rapid ocean acidification event,

462
00:29:05,334 --> 00:29:06,709
a rapid warming event,

463
00:29:06,710 --> 00:29:10,291
and we thought, 'Let's look at this, and see what happened.'

464
00:29:10,292 --> 00:29:12,375
And as we studied it more and more,

465
00:29:12,376 --> 00:29:14,375
and we got better and better at age models,

466
00:29:14,376 --> 00:29:17,667
we got better and better reconstructions of the climate change.

467
00:29:17,668 --> 00:29:22,458
It became apparent that this event that happened about 100 million years ago,

468
00:29:22,459 --> 00:29:24,876
the climate change happened

469
00:29:24,877 --> 00:29:27,250
over about 40,000 years.

470
00:29:27,251 --> 00:29:29,667
This is the same degree of climate change

471
00:29:29,668 --> 00:29:33,752
that we think might happen over the next 100 years.

472
00:29:38,292 --> 00:29:40,999
There's much more energy in the system.

473
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:43,998
[waves crashing]

474
00:29:43,999 --> 00:29:46,998
We have very little knowledge

475
00:29:46,999 --> 00:29:51,667
of how Earth's biological life support systems

476
00:29:51,668 --> 00:29:58,998
will respond to dramatic and rapid change.

477
00:29:58,999 --> 00:30:05,998
[british accent] We have extraordinary

478
00:30:05,999 --> 00:30:10,710
that all are individual pieces of a jigsaw.

479
00:30:14,919 --> 00:30:18,834
[british accent] The picture is clear

480
00:30:18,835 --> 00:30:20,998
But start picking those

481
00:30:20,999 --> 00:30:24,998
and you can no longer see, really, what that picture looks like

482
00:30:24,999 --> 00:30:28,667
and the functionality of the entire system

483
00:30:28,668 --> 00:30:30,999
is out of whack.

484
00:30:34,999 --> 00:30:37,208
(Piers Sellers) [british accent]

485
00:30:37,209 --> 00:30:41,208
The Greenland ice mass is being lost at 300 gigatons per year.

486
00:30:41,209 --> 00:30:45,998
Three hundred cubic kilometers of ice per year is disappearing.

487
00:30:45,999 --> 00:30:48,667
The ocean is changing, sea level rise,

488
00:30:48,668 --> 00:30:50,918
we're seeing significant sea level rise.

489
00:30:50,919 --> 00:30:54,250
We're expecting a couple of feet, maybe more

490
00:30:54,251 --> 00:30:56,166
before the end of the century.

491
00:30:56,167 --> 00:30:58,834
So, all these things are facts.

492
00:30:58,835 --> 00:31:01,333
(Rich Pancost) It's not so much

493
00:31:01,334 --> 00:31:02,998
but it's how fast it's happening.

494
00:31:02,999 --> 00:31:05,667
The faster the change comes,

495
00:31:05,668 --> 00:31:07,584
the less time we have to adapt.

496
00:31:07,585 --> 00:31:09,667
The faster the change comes,

497
00:31:09,668 --> 00:31:13,584
the trees have to adapt, or plankton living in the ocean.

498
00:31:13,585 --> 00:31:19,793
The faster the change comes, the less time ecosystems have to adapt.

499
00:31:19,794 --> 00:31:20,585
And the more complex these are,

500
00:31:20,586 --> 00:31:26,918
the harder it is to actually predict what the consequences of that change will be.

501
00:31:26,919 --> 00:31:29,333
(Piers Sellers) [british accent]

502
00:31:29,334 --> 00:31:29,999
Huge stress

503
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:35,709
on societies that are already under internal political stress

504
00:31:35,710 --> 00:31:36,834
and, stress induced by lack of resources.

505
00:31:36,835 --> 00:31:40,041
And, stress induced by lack of resources.

506
00:31:40,042 --> 00:31:41,998
Like, food availability,

507
00:31:41,999 --> 00:31:42,835
water availability,

508
00:31:42,836 --> 00:31:44,998
dramatic events associated with climate change,

509
00:31:44,999 --> 00:31:49,998
all of which potentially will exacerbate the divisions within society.

510
00:31:49,999 --> 00:31:52,333
Access to wealth creates divisions.

511
00:31:52,334 --> 00:31:58,667
Access to food and water makes the divisions very pronounced.

512
00:31:58,668 --> 00:32:02,458
It's going to impact the way humans live on the planet.

513
00:32:02,459 --> 00:32:05,584
And when that impacts, then people move.

514
00:32:05,585 --> 00:32:06,667
People are angry. And when that impacts,

515
00:32:06,668 --> 00:32:07,209
People are angry.

516
00:32:07,210 --> 00:32:09,998
Land becomes less valuable, or more valuable.

517
00:32:09,999 --> 00:32:10,999
Populations shifts, and those shifts

518
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:13,542
Populations shifts, and those shifts

519
00:32:13,543 --> 00:32:15,124
destabilize governments.

520
00:32:15,125 --> 00:32:17,334
[explosion]

521
00:32:23,543 --> 00:32:27,333
(Jeff Bridges) We might look up at night

522
00:32:27,334 --> 00:32:33,918
as if we were in a pristine crystal snow globe.

523
00:32:33,919 --> 00:32:39,960
But our problems can no longer be pushed into the back yard of the less powerful,

524
00:32:39,961 --> 00:32:42,960
the less fortunate among us.

525
00:32:42,961 --> 00:32:44,998
No. Here we are,

526
00:32:44,999 --> 00:32:46,458
and here we were made.

527
00:32:46,459 --> 00:32:52,751
Where everything from farmers, dogs, LED lights, flower, pencils,

528
00:32:52,752 --> 00:32:56,417
politicians, microwaves, and penguins,

529
00:32:56,418 --> 00:32:58,998
the past, present, and future

530
00:32:58,999 --> 00:33:01,752
are all interrelated.

531
00:33:14,459 --> 00:33:16,083
(President Nixon) In the next ten years,

532
00:33:16,084 --> 00:33:17,291
we shall increase our wealth by fifty percent.

533
00:33:17,292 --> 00:33:20,998
We shall increase our wealth by fifty percent.

534
00:33:20,999 --> 00:33:23,250
The profound question is

535
00:33:23,251 --> 00:33:26,998
Does this mean we will be fifty percent richer,

536
00:33:26,999 --> 00:33:28,375
In a real sense,

537
00:33:28,376 --> 00:33:30,998
fifty percent better off,

538
00:33:30,999 --> 00:33:32,998
fifty percent happier?

539
00:33:32,999 --> 00:33:34,999
And so, to just get more facts

540
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,751
about climate change or about oil depletion

541
00:33:38,752 --> 00:33:40,709
or about environmental destruction,

542
00:33:40,710 --> 00:33:43,999
people don't know what to do, because they're part of this

543
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:49,500
organism trying to get more feel-good brain chemicals.

544
00:33:49,501 --> 00:33:50,292
(Ruth Gates) [british accent]

545
00:33:50,293 --> 00:33:52,458
(Ruth Gates) [british accent]

546
00:33:52,459 --> 00:33:55,918
And, the number of people who want to be on the treadmill,

547
00:33:55,919 --> 00:33:57,751
is getting bigger and bigger

548
00:33:57,752 --> 00:34:00,667
And eventually, there's going to be no room to run.

549
00:34:00,668 --> 00:34:03,667
And so, people will fall off.

550
00:34:03,668 --> 00:34:04,998
Many people

551
00:34:04,999 --> 00:34:10,876
will fall off.

552
00:34:10,877 --> 00:34:13,918
We are profoundly motivated

553
00:34:13,918 --> 00:34:14,998
by having purpose.

554
00:34:14,998 --> 00:34:20,998
We're motivated by having a sense of autonomy, efficacy, and control.

555
00:34:20,998 --> 00:34:25,960
Where it seems that our gifts, our energy, our life force

556
00:34:25,960 --> 00:34:31,375
is not going to have some impact, we will simply withdraw

557
00:34:31,376 --> 00:34:36,417
and we will very likely redirect that energy

558
00:34:36,418 --> 00:34:40,833
into where we can feel we have most impact.

559
00:34:40,835 --> 00:34:43,542
And where is that in our culture right now?

560
00:34:43,543 --> 00:34:45,458
It's in consumption.

561
00:34:45,458 --> 00:34:47,998
(Mark Plotkin) The economist Immanuel Wallerstein has

562
00:34:47,998 --> 00:34:49,417
talked about world systems theory, in which all things are connected

563
00:34:49,418 --> 00:34:52,960
talked about world systems theory, in which all things are connected

564
00:34:52,960 --> 00:34:54,250
for better, and often for worse.

565
00:34:54,251 --> 00:34:59,208
So, living here in the most industrialized part of the industrialized world,

566
00:34:59,209 --> 00:35:01,209
our tentacles reach everywhere.

567
00:35:08,459 --> 00:35:13,083
(Jeff Bridges) Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired result.

568
00:35:13,084 --> 00:35:17,998
But are the results we're achieving, the ones we intend?

569
00:35:17,999 --> 00:35:20,999
Wild animals are disappearing forever.

570
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:26,709
Our intelligence is remaking the world before our eyes.

571
00:35:26,710 --> 00:35:28,998
Today we can just click on a link somewhere

572
00:35:28,999 --> 00:35:31,626
and have something appear at our doorstep

573
00:35:31,627 --> 00:35:32,998
without having any idea

574
00:35:32,999 --> 00:35:35,998
of what went into getting it there.

575
00:35:35,999 --> 00:35:38,751
All we know about what got it there is the price.

576
00:35:38,752 --> 00:35:41,751
We get more and more detached from the actual cost

577
00:35:41,752 --> 00:35:45,835
of creating and transporting what we're using.

578
00:35:50,999 --> 00:35:53,291
Energy is really at the center of physics, but

579
00:35:53,292 --> 00:35:55,998
for the lay person, the easiest way to explain it

580
00:35:55,999 --> 00:35:58,709
is that energy is the ability to do work.

581
00:35:58,710 --> 00:36:00,960
[truck horn honking]

582
00:36:00,961 --> 00:36:03,375
Work is force through distance.

583
00:36:03,376 --> 00:36:05,542
So, every time you move something,

584
00:36:05,543 --> 00:36:07,083
from China to the U.S.

585
00:36:07,084 --> 00:36:09,458
or from the floor to the ceiling,

586
00:36:09,459 --> 00:36:10,167
that takes energy.

587
00:36:10,168 --> 00:36:12,998
When you drive to work, it takes energy.

588
00:36:12,999 --> 00:36:14,041
To boil one quart of water,

589
00:36:14,042 --> 00:36:17,250
takes up the equivalent of 500 calories of food.

590
00:36:17,251 --> 00:36:19,584
Any kind of transformation requires energy.

591
00:36:19,585 --> 00:36:21,998
[italian accent] We are powerful creatures on this planet,

592
00:36:21,999 --> 00:36:24,834
but we still need the ecosystem to survive.

593
00:36:24,835 --> 00:36:26,083
So we don't want to destroy

594
00:36:26,084 --> 00:36:29,375
the ecosystem, because it would be rather bad.

595
00:36:29,376 --> 00:36:30,667
And this is a transition,

596
00:36:30,668 --> 00:36:32,626
you can call it also a revolution,

597
00:36:32,627 --> 00:36:34,918
you can call it whatever you'd like.

598
00:36:34,919 --> 00:36:37,333
The point is that there have been such

599
00:36:37,334 --> 00:36:40,834
revolutions, such transitions in the past,

600
00:36:40,835 --> 00:36:42,998
but these transitions have a cost.

601
00:36:42,999 --> 00:36:47,459
An energy transition must be paid in energy.

602
00:36:52,999 --> 00:36:59,375
(Jeff Bridges) Energy is the currency of life.

603
00:36:59,376 --> 00:37:06,375
Energy creates movement and food.

604
00:37:06,376 --> 00:37:09,961
All life taps energy flows.

605
00:37:18,999 --> 00:37:25,751
We used to measure units of energy in terms of horsepower.

606
00:37:25,752 --> 00:37:28,999
One horse could do the work of ten men.

607
00:37:33,585 --> 00:37:39,998
A small tractor could do the work of forty horses.

608
00:37:39,999 --> 00:37:42,500
It would take 450 horses or more

609
00:37:42,501 --> 00:37:47,998
to get the same work done as just one semi-truck.

610
00:37:47,999 --> 00:37:48,999
And unlike horses,

611
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,998
trucks can work day and night, in any weather.

612
00:37:52,999 --> 00:37:59,584
The flow of fossil fuel has turbo-charged our society.

613
00:37:59,585 --> 00:38:02,751
(Nathan Hagens) So, to just say,

614
00:38:02,752 --> 00:38:07,166
We have the science now to realize that these fossil slaves,

615
00:38:07,167 --> 00:38:09,709
they don't complain, they don't sleep,

616
00:38:09,710 --> 00:38:12,083
they're tireless, they're super strong,

617
00:38:12,084 --> 00:38:13,876
but they poop and they breathe,

618
00:38:13,877 --> 00:38:17,751
and their breath is causing our biosphere to warm up,

619
00:38:17,752 --> 00:38:18,998
and our oceans to acidify.

620
00:38:18,999 --> 00:38:23,124
Let's keep them in the ground'? It's not quite so simple.

621
00:38:23,125 --> 00:38:26,998
If you consider the power that's in fossil fuels,

622
00:38:26,999 --> 00:38:30,458
Ninety percent of the work done in human economies

623
00:38:30,459 --> 00:38:34,998
is done by fossil slaves.

624
00:38:34,999 --> 00:38:39,291
The average American consumes 220,000

625
00:38:39,292 --> 00:38:40,998
kilocalories, every day.

626
00:38:40,999 --> 00:38:44,417
We don't think about that, we only think about the 3,000

627
00:38:44,418 --> 00:38:49,998
or 3,500 of food that we eat.

628
00:38:49,999 --> 00:38:55,458
But our energy footprint is almost 100 times more than that, if you consider

629
00:38:55,459 --> 00:38:56,998
our buses, and our airplanes,

630
00:38:56,999 --> 00:38:59,998
and all the hospitals, and the Disney Lands, and the NASCARs,

631
00:38:59,999 --> 00:39:06,584
and in all the various things that we buy that are imported around the world.

632
00:39:06,585 --> 00:39:08,124
(Wesley Clark) t's what people invest in,

633
00:39:08,125 --> 00:39:11,250
and a lot of pension funds, and a lot of

634
00:39:11,251 --> 00:39:14,542
the institutions that humanity depends on -

635
00:39:14,543 --> 00:39:15,501
of course they gravitate toward oil.

636
00:39:15,501 --> 00:39:16,459
Of course they gravitate toward oil.

637
00:39:16,460 --> 00:39:20,584
Renewable energy, although it's mature and it's getting very cheap,

638
00:39:20,585 --> 00:39:23,291
it's not going to replace this

639
00:39:23,292 --> 00:39:27,083
infrastructure, and this civilization.

640
00:39:27,084 --> 00:39:29,998
We have a very limited amount of time to

641
00:39:29,999 --> 00:39:32,375
transition to a low-carbon economy,

642
00:39:32,376 --> 00:39:35,793
but it's very naive to just say, let's keep it in the ground

643
00:39:35,794 --> 00:39:37,709
and keep everything else running.

644
00:39:37,710 --> 00:39:38,998
(Ugo Bardi) [italian accent]

645
00:39:38,999 --> 00:39:42,751
'Can solar energy power our society

646
00:39:42,752 --> 00:39:43,834
as it is today?'

647
00:39:43,835 --> 00:39:46,876
then you already have the answer.

648
00:39:46,877 --> 00:39:48,333
It is not possible.

649
00:39:48,334 --> 00:39:51,166
If you want to switch from

650
00:39:51,167 --> 00:39:52,291
oil and gas and coal

651
00:39:52,292 --> 00:39:56,960
and to move to solar energy, then you have to change a lot of things.

652
00:39:56,961 --> 00:39:59,834
Our food system right now is an energy sink.

653
00:39:59,835 --> 00:40:04,751
We use 10 to 12 fossil-calories to produce 1 food-calorie.

654
00:40:04,752 --> 00:40:10,960
Uh right now, we have around 100 trillion dollars worth of machinery on the planet

655
00:40:10,961 --> 00:40:14,458
that uses gasoline or diesel fuel.

656
00:40:14,459 --> 00:40:18,751
So, for one barrel of oil, which we pay $50 for,

657
00:40:18,752 --> 00:40:24,998
we have thousands of fossil slaves standing behind us.

658
00:40:24,999 --> 00:40:27,709
(Wesley Clark) The American inventory

659
00:40:27,710 --> 00:40:28,376
of automobiles,

660
00:40:28,377 --> 00:40:33,041
250, 270 million cars and light trucks on the road,

661
00:40:33,042 --> 00:40:37,751
you're talking about more than a decade

662
00:40:37,752 --> 00:40:38,998
and about more wealth

663
00:40:38,999 --> 00:40:42,124
than the gross domestic product in a year to replace it.

664
00:40:42,125 --> 00:40:46,375
So, you're not going do these, make these changes over night.

665
00:40:46,376 --> 00:40:49,793
[italian accent] You see, there is a parameter

666
00:40:49,794 --> 00:40:52,709
in evaluating these kinds of things,

667
00:40:52,710 --> 00:40:56,626
which is called energy return on energy invested.

668
00:40:56,627 --> 00:40:58,834
Energy doesn't cost dollars.

669
00:40:58,835 --> 00:41:01,918
I mean, it does, but it really costs energy.

670
00:41:01,919 --> 00:41:04,083
Oil's the biggest industry on the planet.

671
00:41:04,084 --> 00:41:07,500
So, it sets the pace, in terms of inflation.

672
00:41:07,501 --> 00:41:11,458
So, if you raise the price of oil, all the other prices go up, until

673
00:41:11,459 --> 00:41:15,166
people have accommodated, and they can still afford to buy,

674
00:41:15,167 --> 00:41:17,999
pay the extraction cost for oil.

675
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:22,417
So, it's not like we're running out of oil,

676
00:41:22,418 --> 00:41:23,042
or coal or gas,

677
00:41:23,043 --> 00:41:26,960
it's that it's getting more costly, in energy terms,

678
00:41:26,961 --> 00:41:30,751
Because it's more costly, it has less benefits

679
00:41:30,752 --> 00:41:31,793
to the rest of society.

680
00:41:31,794 --> 00:41:36,250
The 1930's, the Beverly Hillbilly oil just bubbling under the ground?

681
00:41:36,251 --> 00:41:40,250
We've used all that.

682
00:41:40,251 --> 00:41:45,417
Net energy, which is the energy left after we've paid the energy cost

683
00:41:45,418 --> 00:41:47,834
of finding and extracting it,

684
00:41:47,835 --> 00:41:50,291
that energy is declining now.

685
00:41:50,292 --> 00:41:56,291
We don't realize the scale and the stakes of what's happening.

686
00:41:56,292 --> 00:41:57,751
(Joseph Tainter) When we take on debt,

687
00:41:57,752 --> 00:42:01,998
we are promising to repay it, with future energy.

688
00:42:01,999 --> 00:42:04,542
The fossil fuels will not last forever,

689
00:42:04,543 --> 00:42:05,998
they cannot last forever.

690
00:42:05,999 --> 00:42:09,998
The energy potential in one barrel of oil

691
00:42:09,999 --> 00:42:11,458
is equal to a human being

692
00:42:11,459 --> 00:42:16,998
working 40 hours a week or four and a half years.

693
00:42:16,999 --> 00:42:22,124
[italian accent] You have to think to the future,

694
00:42:22,125 --> 00:42:26,208
in order to have a harvest of renewable energy.

695
00:42:26,209 --> 00:42:30,793
'Do not eat your seed corn,' is an old saying.

696
00:42:30,794 --> 00:42:31,999
'Do not eat your seed corn,'

697
00:42:38,710 --> 00:42:41,500
(Jeff Bridges) Wise farmers know

698
00:42:41,501 --> 00:42:46,124
there will be nothing left to plant for future harvest.

699
00:42:46,125 --> 00:42:48,417
Will future generations look back at today

700
00:42:48,418 --> 00:42:53,834
and view much of the energy we're burning to have been wasted?

701
00:42:53,835 --> 00:42:59,998
Are we eating our seed corn?

702
00:42:59,999 --> 00:43:04,751
So many of us have come to expect the level of comfort and convenience

703
00:43:04,752 --> 00:43:12,166
unprecedented in our biological past.

704
00:43:12,167 --> 00:43:15,417
We need to redefine our expectations.

705
00:43:15,418 --> 00:43:17,584
Not as what we will lose,

706
00:43:17,585 --> 00:43:21,709
but what we might gain, by preparing for something different.

707
00:43:21,710 --> 00:43:22,961
But what we might gain,

708
00:43:26,125 --> 00:43:29,998
'Oh, fossil fuels are bad? We need to keep them in the ground.'

709
00:43:29,999 --> 00:43:32,083
So, we've got this big divestment campaign

710
00:43:32,084 --> 00:43:36,751
where we stop investing in coal and oil and natural gas.

711
00:43:36,752 --> 00:43:38,999
But if we stop investing in the stocks,

712
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:43,542
as long as we continue to fly and drive and have infrastructure

713
00:43:43,543 --> 00:43:46,417
built around cheap transportation

714
00:43:46,418 --> 00:43:50,041
and global connectivity of supply chains,

715
00:43:50,042 --> 00:43:55,333
then some hedge fund will just buy those stocks back, 5 cents cheaper.

716
00:43:55,334 --> 00:43:57,250
[british accent] We can very easily

717
00:43:57,251 --> 00:43:59,793
for example when we think about oil,

718
00:43:59,794 --> 00:44:00,876
of addiction speech.

719
00:44:00,877 --> 00:44:03,626
'I'm leaving this bottle of whiskey in the cupboard,

720
00:44:03,627 --> 00:44:05,041
and I'm not going to touch a drop of it.'

721
00:44:05,042 --> 00:44:09,998
Which means that I'm still fixated on this whiskey, paradoxically.

722
00:44:09,999 --> 00:44:16,458
This is actually, of course, not really thinking differently.

723
00:44:16,459 --> 00:44:18,998
There's a bit of a hangover from this myth that

724
00:44:18,999 --> 00:44:20,998
things should be functioning smoothly

725
00:44:20,999 --> 00:44:24,793
and that smooth functioning is something real.

726
00:44:24,794 --> 00:44:26,084
[water crashing]

727
00:44:32,961 --> 00:44:35,500
(Paul Roberts) If you find yourself

728
00:44:35,501 --> 00:44:37,250
in a world where energy isn't cheap,

729
00:44:37,251 --> 00:44:39,751
you're going to have to unwind, somehow

730
00:44:39,752 --> 00:44:42,793
this massive global city system.

731
00:44:42,794 --> 00:44:47,375
You look back in history to when this happened before, I mean, the Roman Empire,

732
00:44:47,376 --> 00:44:51,333
one of the reasons it fell was it was no longer able to bring in

733
00:44:51,334 --> 00:44:54,998
food and supplies to Rome and the other big city states,

734
00:44:54,999 --> 00:45:01,291
and cities no longer were habitable. They just didn't function anymore.

735
00:45:01,292 --> 00:45:02,998
So, what happens this time around?

736
00:45:02,999 --> 00:45:06,999
[vehicles rushing by] shwoo, shwoo... shwoo

737
00:45:10,125 --> 00:45:14,542
And in the past, it's been conflict

738
00:45:14,543 --> 00:45:18,041
that has brought human progress,

739
00:45:18,042 --> 00:45:20,793
at a tremendous cost of slaughter.

740
00:45:20,794 --> 00:45:22,834
[whistling]

741
00:45:22,835 --> 00:45:26,083
World War I brought forth radio and airplanes.

742
00:45:26,084 --> 00:45:29,250
World War II gave us nuclear energy.

743
00:45:29,251 --> 00:45:32,998
Space race between the United States and the Soviet Union

744
00:45:32,999 --> 00:45:34,876
and the Cold War that gave us

745
00:45:34,877 --> 00:45:36,834
uh, communication satellites and

746
00:45:36,835 --> 00:45:39,375
global positioning and many other things, and

747
00:45:39,376 --> 00:45:41,998
now we're where we have to work collectively.

748
00:45:41,999 --> 00:45:45,626
We can't work against each other, we have to work with each other,

749
00:45:45,627 --> 00:45:51,124
we have to work with each other with the view of the future,

750
00:45:51,125 --> 00:45:56,999
not against each other in the present.

751
00:45:57,000 --> 00:46:00,918
[british accent] The trouble is not so much in

752
00:46:00,919 --> 00:46:08,919
it's in terms of how we think about the world we live in.

753
00:46:08,999 --> 00:46:10,998
[british accent] Well here we have a human brain.

754
00:46:10,999 --> 00:46:16,751
When you see it in reality, it seems a bit disappointing, doesn't it?

755
00:46:16,752 --> 00:46:18,960
It's very small for what it does,

756
00:46:18,961 --> 00:46:23,998
what we're capable of, and to think it all comes out of

757
00:46:23,999 --> 00:46:26,998
it's quite remarkable.

758
00:46:26,999 --> 00:46:30,667
(Jeff Bridges) Let's take a moment to imagine

759
00:46:30,668 --> 00:46:37,584
where everything in existence, at all scales, has equal value.

760
00:46:37,585 --> 00:46:41,626
From skyscrapers and trees, to humans,

761
00:46:41,627 --> 00:46:45,998
Cola, cups, and orangutans,

762
00:46:45,999 --> 00:46:48,458
shoes, and suitcases,

763
00:46:48,459 --> 00:46:51,124
vessels, water,

764
00:46:51,125 --> 00:46:54,500
diamonds, and dragonflies,

765
00:46:54,501 --> 00:46:56,751
even time itself.

766
00:46:56,752 --> 00:47:00,876
If we can imagine everything is intrinsically equal,

767
00:47:00,877 --> 00:47:05,291
then we'd know that what we perceive as reality

768
00:47:05,292 --> 00:47:09,998
comes from the value judgements that exist in our minds.

769
00:47:09,999 --> 00:47:11,239
Comes from the value judgements

770
00:47:15,999 --> 00:47:22,250
[british accent] If everything exists in the same way,

771
00:47:22,251 --> 00:47:23,375
If it's true that

772
00:47:23,376 --> 00:47:26,291
even just by existing I am killing a huge

773
00:47:26,292 --> 00:47:29,998
then I have to figure out what kinds of life forms I'd like to kill

774
00:47:29,999 --> 00:47:32,667
and I have to be rather conscious and explicit about it,

775
00:47:32,668 --> 00:47:37,250
and being conscious and explicit about stuff is an incredible drag.

776
00:47:37,251 --> 00:47:41,998
There's always an unintended consequence of what you're doing, for example.

777
00:47:41,999 --> 00:47:44,667
[whirring] rrrrrrr

778
00:47:44,668 --> 00:47:46,542
[spraying]

779
00:47:46,543 --> 00:47:49,124
[gurgling]

780
00:47:49,125 --> 00:47:53,751
Reality is happening on a number of different scales, all at once.

781
00:47:53,752 --> 00:47:55,998
You can never get it completely right.

782
00:47:55,999 --> 00:47:59,998
So, we're confronted again with the notion of exploring

783
00:47:59,999 --> 00:48:02,041
various different shades of hypocrisy.

784
00:48:02,042 --> 00:48:04,918
[british accent] You know the famous study,

785
00:48:04,919 --> 00:48:05,585
Oh yeah. [british accent]

786
00:48:05,586 --> 00:48:06,667
[british accent] You know the famous study,

787
00:48:06,668 --> 00:48:07,998
or I can give you $50 in a week's time,

788
00:48:07,999 --> 00:48:10,417
you've always, people just kind of are almost,

789
00:48:10,418 --> 00:48:11,834
kind of, compelled to go for the short term.

790
00:48:11,835 --> 00:48:13,124
T-to go for the short term. Kind of, compelled

791
00:48:13,125 --> 00:48:14,250
Yeah, if you think about it, up to a point

792
00:48:14,251 --> 00:48:16,041
Yeah, if you think about it, up to a point

793
00:48:16,042 --> 00:48:17,000
Hm. Yeah, if you think about it,

794
00:48:17,000 --> 00:48:17,501
Hm.

795
00:48:17,501 --> 00:48:18,209
Because you could be dead.

796
00:48:18,210 --> 00:48:19,291
That's right, you don't know who's gonna

797
00:48:19,292 --> 00:48:19,999
Right, so, uh, th-the

798
00:48:19,999 --> 00:48:20,877
Right, so, uh, th-the

799
00:48:20,878 --> 00:48:22,542
bird in the hand, worth two in the bush.

800
00:48:22,543 --> 00:48:23,626
Absolutely, so there is some rationality

801
00:48:23,627 --> 00:48:25,626
Absolutely, so there is some rationality

802
00:48:25,627 --> 00:48:27,751
Organisms that worried about 50 years from now

803
00:48:27,752 --> 00:48:32,166
were outcompeted by organisms that worried about 5 minutes from now.

804
00:48:32,167 --> 00:48:34,998
[bubbling] [splashing]

805
00:48:34,999 --> 00:48:39,584
(Oren Lyons) Our fate is in our own hands.

806
00:48:39,585 --> 00:48:41,584
No one, no one else.

807
00:48:41,585 --> 00:48:42,334
[wind sighing] No one,

808
00:48:42,335 --> 00:48:47,877
[wind sighing]

809
00:48:52,459 --> 00:48:58,584
(Jeff Bridges) How will we shape the future,

810
00:48:58,585 --> 00:49:05,166
What defines our identity?

811
00:49:05,167 --> 00:49:06,998
Are we our urges?

812
00:49:06,999 --> 00:49:07,999
Are we our urges?

813
00:49:12,961 --> 00:49:20,041
Are we our principles?

814
00:49:20,042 --> 00:49:24,584
Who are we?

815
00:49:24,585 --> 00:49:28,960
[irish accent] Who I am is really

816
00:49:28,961 --> 00:49:34,999
of my experiences with other people,

817
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:38,998
Babies don't have a self concept, they don't

818
00:49:38,999 --> 00:49:40,793
have an idea of who they are.

819
00:49:40,794 --> 00:49:47,793
But as they interact with other people, they begin to create an image of themselves

820
00:49:47,794 --> 00:49:51,999
and a feeling of who they are, and thoughts about who they are

821
00:49:52,000 --> 00:49:54,542
that's really picked up from

822
00:49:54,543 --> 00:49:58,626
the views and responses of other people

823
00:49:58,627 --> 00:50:03,041
[british accent] In this modern society, people spend

824
00:50:03,042 --> 00:50:07,667
objects and possessions and sometimes these have

825
00:50:07,668 --> 00:50:13,166
But it's almost as if we have to acquire things around us

826
00:50:13,167 --> 00:50:16,751
We use objects as an extension of our self.

827
00:50:16,752 --> 00:50:19,458
(Timothy Morton) [british accent]

828
00:50:19,459 --> 00:50:20,998
Desire is inevitable.

829
00:50:20,999 --> 00:50:24,626
Um, the kind of plastic products that consumerism makes

830
00:50:24,627 --> 00:50:29,208
out of desire might be optional, but desire is inevitable.

831
00:50:29,209 --> 00:50:34,041
That same drive is what makes it easy for Apple

832
00:50:34,042 --> 00:50:36,998
I mean, I guarantee you, you don't need the next iPhone.

833
00:50:36,999 --> 00:50:41,333
You don't even know what new features it will to have. And you won't know,

834
00:50:41,334 --> 00:50:43,793
until you see them. But you're pretty sure

835
00:50:43,794 --> 00:50:44,998
you'll like them when you see them.

836
00:50:44,999 --> 00:50:49,458
And that was the whole point of this notion of dynamic obsolescence.

837
00:50:49,459 --> 00:50:53,834
You would be allowed to feel, to achieve a certain emotional state,

838
00:50:53,835 --> 00:50:55,793
for a short period of time, and then almost as

839
00:50:55,794 --> 00:50:58,500
quickly as you'd achieved it, it would begin fading,

840
00:50:58,501 --> 00:51:03,208
and you'd have to have something else.

841
00:51:03,209 --> 00:51:04,667
We have a real love for

842
00:51:04,668 --> 00:51:07,667
a way to feel how we want to feel, faster.

843
00:51:07,668 --> 00:51:10,333
[plunk] [splashing]

844
00:51:10,334 --> 00:51:14,208
(Leonard Mlodinow) We may have a very developed

845
00:51:14,209 --> 00:51:17,998
with a lot of knowledge, cultural knowledge,

846
00:51:17,999 --> 00:51:21,998
but the way we think is still very much influenced

847
00:51:21,999 --> 00:51:25,585
that we developed millions of years ago.

848
00:51:32,084 --> 00:51:35,709
(Jeff Bridges) We humans aren't just like animals,

849
00:51:35,710 --> 00:51:37,124
we are animals.

850
00:51:37,125 --> 00:51:41,167
And as animals, we compete for mates.

851
00:51:45,585 --> 00:51:49,960
Organisms in the wild that have extra resources to display

852
00:51:49,961 --> 00:51:52,542
like flashy tails, or large antlers

853
00:51:52,543 --> 00:51:57,998
are advertising to their mates that, My genes are so good,

854
00:51:57,999 --> 00:52:00,834
I don't need to skimp and save, because,

855
00:52:00,835 --> 00:52:04,998
'I'm so strong, I have these amazing attributes.'

856
00:52:04,999 --> 00:52:08,208
The same phenomenon happens in human societies

857
00:52:08,209 --> 00:52:12,998
to impress members of the opposite sex.

858
00:52:12,999 --> 00:52:16,500
A lot of these displays require spending extra energy

859
00:52:16,501 --> 00:52:22,375
and natural resources that we don't really need to be genetically fit.

860
00:52:22,376 --> 00:52:30,376
But we respond to those cultural signals, as if those things really do matter.

861
00:52:30,543 --> 00:52:34,918
[irish accent] This question of status and of showing our status,

862
00:52:34,919 --> 00:52:36,124
I do believe that

863
00:52:36,125 --> 00:52:40,166
that's one of the most fundamental determinants of our behavior.

864
00:52:40,167 --> 00:52:41,333
[british accent] Those who know this best of all,

865
00:52:41,334 --> 00:52:42,918
[british accent] Those who know this best of all,

866
00:52:42,919 --> 00:52:46,667
and advertising people. Because when they sell us stuff,

867
00:52:46,668 --> 00:52:47,292
and it's designer, or,

868
00:52:47,293 --> 00:52:51,291
what they're tapping into is this preoccupation with what other people think.

869
00:52:51,292 --> 00:52:56,918
Because they understand, intuitively, that we're all animals seeking social status.

870
00:52:56,919 --> 00:52:58,399
Because they understand, intuitively,

871
00:53:02,919 --> 00:53:06,626
[british accent] We like things to be convenient,

872
00:53:06,627 --> 00:53:08,998
and, we like bags that have names on it.

873
00:53:08,999 --> 00:53:12,041
We like to drink out of bottles that we can throw away.

874
00:53:12,042 --> 00:53:16,584
We like styrofoam containers for our fast food.

875
00:53:16,585 --> 00:53:20,999
Plastic itself is something that is persistent through time.

876
00:53:21,000 --> 00:53:24,998
It gets recycled, it gets recycled, it gets smaller, it gets smaller,

877
00:53:24,999 --> 00:53:30,709
and now it's right back to us and detectable in our blood stream.

878
00:53:30,710 --> 00:53:35,793
[whale whistles and groans]

879
00:53:35,794 --> 00:53:39,208
[water gurgling]

880
00:53:39,209 --> 00:53:41,751
[seal honking]

881
00:53:41,752 --> 00:53:43,709
(Renee Lertzman) We are out of alignment

882
00:53:43,710 --> 00:53:48,417
with what we hear and we understand,

883
00:53:48,418 --> 00:53:51,375
and the life that I am leading,

884
00:53:51,376 --> 00:53:55,500
including all the things I love, that might be really

885
00:53:55,501 --> 00:53:57,876
ecologically problematic,

886
00:53:57,877 --> 00:53:59,918
but that I loved them anyways.

887
00:53:59,919 --> 00:54:03,333
[british accent] So, we have this

888
00:54:03,334 --> 00:54:07,166
and we try to maintain that characterization

889
00:54:07,167 --> 00:54:13,998
only pay attention to information which confirms that bias.

890
00:54:13,999 --> 00:54:17,999
We'll deliberately reframe things that we've done

891
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:22,125
in order to keep the coherence of who we are.

892
00:54:24,999 --> 00:54:32,333
[cheering]

893
00:54:32,334 --> 00:54:35,751
Our brains are always creating these distortions.

894
00:54:35,752 --> 00:54:37,751
We have no direct contact with reality.

895
00:54:37,752 --> 00:54:39,584
One of the important qualities that we developed that helped us survive was group identity.

896
00:54:39,585 --> 00:54:43,834
One of the important qualities that we developed that helped us survive was group identity.

897
00:54:43,835 --> 00:54:47,960
And today, group identity still plays an important role in our life.

898
00:54:47,961 --> 00:54:52,333
It has an important unconscious effect on our attitudes and our actions.

899
00:54:52,334 --> 00:54:55,417
[british accent] So, we have this tendency always

900
00:54:55,418 --> 00:54:59,751
rather than accepting it ourselves. And this is part of the bias which creates

901
00:54:59,752 --> 00:55:05,876
or keeps us this coherence of this being a good person.

902
00:55:05,877 --> 00:55:09,542
(Jeff Bridges) So, we're all capable of

903
00:55:09,543 --> 00:55:11,998
of what is really going on in our world.

904
00:55:11,999 --> 00:55:15,208
And, there's no mechanism or voice inside us

905
00:55:15,209 --> 00:55:18,626
to signal the artificiality of that.

906
00:55:18,627 --> 00:55:21,041
We don't want to live in a state of anxiety,

907
00:55:21,042 --> 00:55:26,877
we want to believe that the things we enjoy doing will never change.

908
00:55:31,251 --> 00:55:34,751
Do we confuse what we need with what we desire,

909
00:55:34,752 --> 00:55:40,124
and what we desire, with what we need?

910
00:55:40,125 --> 00:55:43,998
[british accent] Desire is logically prior to need, actually.

911
00:55:43,999 --> 00:55:45,998
And need is really, just, like

912
00:55:45,999 --> 00:55:49,458
stabilized desire that's been turned,

913
00:55:49,459 --> 00:55:51,876
into something seemingly necessary.

914
00:55:51,877 --> 00:55:55,124
And so, I think we need to be a little bit careful when we talk about

915
00:55:55,125 --> 00:56:01,709
being in an ecological society, meaning our needs matching up with what we want.

916
00:56:01,710 --> 00:56:06,500
So, there's this constant dance between the inhibitory centers, that

917
00:56:06,501 --> 00:56:10,417
know what's good for us in the top of the brain,

918
00:56:10,418 --> 00:56:13,793
and the mid-brain area, for emotional impulse,

919
00:56:13,794 --> 00:56:17,626
which just wants to grab that yummy thing and have it now.

920
00:56:17,627 --> 00:56:22,458
So, let's say we're in a bakery. Everything looks so good, and our brain,

921
00:56:22,459 --> 00:56:27,458
which during evolution was designed to crave fat and sugar

922
00:56:27,459 --> 00:56:30,960
is going nuts. It just really wants one of those yummy things.

923
00:56:30,961 --> 00:56:35,918
But then, our pre-frontal cortex, the part of the brain that learns,

924
00:56:35,919 --> 00:56:37,793
the part of the brain that understands,

925
00:56:37,794 --> 00:56:40,166
says to us, 'You know, this is fattening,

926
00:56:40,167 --> 00:56:44,709
and you have that blood sugar problem, it's not so great for you.'

927
00:56:44,710 --> 00:56:48,626
And, the pre-frontal cortex has the ability

928
00:56:48,627 --> 00:56:50,876
to inhibit emotional impulse.

929
00:56:50,877 --> 00:56:52,960
And once we understand the true cost of

930
00:56:52,961 --> 00:56:56,751
the things we use and the things we do to the environment,

931
00:56:56,752 --> 00:56:59,584
the very same mechanism applies,

932
00:56:59,585 --> 00:57:02,960
and lets us pull back to the balcony of the mind,

933
00:57:02,961 --> 00:57:05,458
where we see everything is going on.

934
00:57:05,459 --> 00:57:07,709
Then we can make a better decision.

935
00:57:07,710 --> 00:57:11,041
This is the first step in changing our habits

936
00:57:11,042 --> 00:57:14,998
because without mindfulness, we don't even notice the choice points.

937
00:57:14,999 --> 00:57:18,876
We just blindly, spontaneously, automatically

938
00:57:18,877 --> 00:57:21,208
do that thing we've always done.

939
00:57:21,209 --> 00:57:23,751
Our old habits take us over.

940
00:57:23,752 --> 00:57:25,876
When there's uncertainty,

941
00:57:25,877 --> 00:57:28,834
when there's a sense of precarity,

942
00:57:28,835 --> 00:57:33,918
when there's a feeling of vulnerability and confusion,

943
00:57:33,919 --> 00:57:39,626
that's exactly when we are most susceptible, obviously

944
00:57:39,627 --> 00:57:44,667
to adhering to a message, a voice, a person

945
00:57:44,668 --> 00:57:48,458
who comes along and is able to meet

946
00:57:48,459 --> 00:57:52,500
those anxieties and those uncertainties

947
00:57:52,501 --> 00:57:55,542
with such confidence and certainty.

948
00:57:55,543 --> 00:58:01,500
And so, that's what we've seen replaying over and over again in politics.

949
00:58:01,501 --> 00:58:06,998
[cheering]

950
00:58:06,999 --> 00:58:11,166
I don't need to mention the obvious examples of what happens

951
00:58:11,167 --> 00:58:18,751
when the, you know, larger public's sense of fear

952
00:58:18,752 --> 00:58:19,752
is coopted.

953
00:58:19,753 --> 00:58:23,998
(Wesley Clark) About half the wealth in the country is held by

954
00:58:23,999 --> 00:58:24,999
and there are a lot of us out there,

955
00:58:25,000 --> 00:58:26,667
my parents were certainly one of them, and there are a lot of us out there,

956
00:58:26,668 --> 00:58:27,627
my parents were certainly one of them,

957
00:58:27,628 --> 00:58:30,083
who were rambling from day to day to survive.

958
00:58:30,084 --> 00:58:34,709
And they, in their lifetimes, in the 1930s, had actually

959
00:58:34,710 --> 00:58:36,417
because they couldn't earn a living.

960
00:58:36,418 --> 00:58:39,998
And so, most Americans haven't seen that,

961
00:58:39,999 --> 00:58:42,375
but some Americans still feel that way.

962
00:58:42,376 --> 00:58:46,998
And they feel the threat and the fear of unemployment,

963
00:58:46,999 --> 00:58:50,751
so they're focused near-term.

964
00:58:50,752 --> 00:58:55,998
[british accent] In any symbiotic relationship,

965
00:58:55,999 --> 00:59:03,291
and this could collapse at any moment.

966
00:59:03,292 --> 00:59:09,500
(Renee Lertzman) The desire to be rescued is based on a profound

967
00:59:09,501 --> 00:59:14,998
and deep sense of powerlessness.

968
00:59:14,999 --> 00:59:19,793
Open up a paper, or watch a conventional ecological documentary,

969
00:59:19,794 --> 00:59:23,667
and what you'll see are all kinds of facts designed

970
00:59:23,668 --> 00:59:26,998
to make you feel scared, and upset, and guilty.

971
00:59:26,999 --> 00:59:30,998
This is how we talk to ourselves about ecological disaster.

972
00:59:30,999 --> 00:59:33,751
Now the trouble is, that means that psychologically

973
00:59:33,752 --> 00:59:37,250
we're still putting ourselves before a time when it happened,

974
00:59:37,251 --> 00:59:41,041
somehow allowing ourselves the choice to go down that path or not.

975
00:59:41,042 --> 00:59:46,998
And the point is, we're already down the path.

976
00:59:46,999 --> 00:59:51,500
(Piers Sellers) [british accent]

977
00:59:51,501 --> 00:59:54,751
At first blush it sounds like a bit of a downer.

978
00:59:54,752 --> 00:59:58,793
So, one's natural reaction, if you hear bad news

979
00:59:58,794 --> 01:00:01,834
if someone else tells you, 'No, no, no, that's not true,'

980
01:00:01,835 --> 01:00:03,375
is to at least, sort of say,hope

981
01:00:03,376 --> 01:00:07,918
that the guy that is telling you that this is not going to happen, is right.

982
01:00:07,919 --> 01:00:12,124
For six years in congress, I said that climate change

983
01:00:12,125 --> 01:00:15,998
I really didn't know anything about it.

984
01:00:15,999 --> 01:00:18,876
Since I represented the reddest district

985
01:00:18,877 --> 01:00:20,998
in the reddest state in the nation,

986
01:00:20,999 --> 01:00:25,083
I knew that I needed to be opposed to it.

987
01:00:25,084 --> 01:00:26,458
And my son came to me.

988
01:00:26,459 --> 01:00:29,166
Voting for the first time, and just turned 18,

989
01:00:29,167 --> 01:00:31,542
he said, 'Dad, I'll vote for ya,'

990
01:00:31,543 --> 01:00:35,333
'But you're going to clean up your act on the environment.'

991
01:00:35,334 --> 01:00:37,417
Your child is sick.

992
01:00:37,418 --> 01:00:41,834
Ninety-eight doctors say, 'Treat him this way.'

993
01:00:41,835 --> 01:00:45,333
Two say, 'No, this other is the way to go.'

994
01:00:45,334 --> 01:00:47,667
I'll go with the two.

995
01:00:47,668 --> 01:00:49,667
You're taking a big risk for those kids.

996
01:00:49,668 --> 01:00:52,998
Some people think that what we have here is an information deficit.

997
01:00:52,999 --> 01:00:57,250
That if we just gave people more scientific information,

998
01:00:57,251 --> 01:01:00,542
showed them the science, then they would come around.

999
01:01:00,543 --> 01:01:04,998
We've got people that make a living and a lot of money

1000
01:01:04,999 --> 01:01:06,998
on talk radio and talk TV,

1001
01:01:06,999 --> 01:01:11,083
pronouncing all kinds of things. They slept at Holiday Inn Express last night,

1002
01:01:11,084 --> 01:01:12,709
and they are now experts on climate. Pronouncing all kinds of things.

1003
01:01:12,710 --> 01:01:14,250
And they are now experts on climate.

1004
01:01:14,251 --> 01:01:15,709
It's an identification problem.

1005
01:01:15,710 --> 01:01:20,083
It's, 'It doesn't look like my tribe, doesn't sound like my tribe,'

1006
01:01:20,084 --> 01:01:24,500
'doesn't sound like our war cry, doesn't sound like our song.'

1007
01:01:24,501 --> 01:01:26,709
[birdsong]

1008
01:01:26,710 --> 01:01:28,458
Too often it's presented,

1009
01:01:28,459 --> 01:01:29,751
climate science is presented

1010
01:01:29,752 --> 01:01:32,124
as if this is some kind of new religion,

1011
01:01:32,125 --> 01:01:34,542
and you gotta believe.

1012
01:01:34,543 --> 01:01:38,291
No, don't ask people to believe in climate science.

1013
01:01:38,292 --> 01:01:40,998
Just say, 'Here's some data. Now,'

1014
01:01:40,999 --> 01:01:44,998
'what does your faith tradition tell you about what to do with that data?'

1015
01:01:44,999 --> 01:01:50,375
In mine, it tells me that I'm a steward of this glorious creation.

1016
01:01:50,376 --> 01:01:53,793
Sometimes science turns out to be wrong.

1017
01:01:53,794 --> 01:01:55,751
But other times it turns out to be very right.

1018
01:01:55,752 --> 01:02:02,458
And the key to scientific endeavors, what we're here to discuss today, is openness,

1019
01:02:02,459 --> 01:02:04,417
access to the data,

1020
01:02:04,418 --> 01:02:08,626
and full, um, challenging of the data.

1021
01:02:08,627 --> 01:02:10,333
That's how we advance science.

1022
01:02:10,334 --> 01:02:13,250
I look forward to... [indiscernible speech]

1023
01:02:13,251 --> 01:02:13,919
Thank you.

1024
01:02:13,920 --> 01:02:17,998
[british accent] There have been major revolutions

1025
01:02:17,999 --> 01:02:22,500
for thousands of years it was thought that Earth was the center of the universe.

1026
01:02:22,501 --> 01:02:25,375
We now know that that's not true. And then of course,

1027
01:02:25,376 --> 01:02:29,876
there was also the idea the man is the pinnacle of the animal kingdom.

1028
01:02:29,877 --> 01:02:34,083
But now we discover, through natural selection and Darwinism, that we are

1029
01:02:34,084 --> 01:02:37,250
just one of a number of species that have existed.

1030
01:02:37,251 --> 01:02:39,542
And finally, if you think about the self

1031
01:02:39,543 --> 01:02:41,458
and the idea that we are individuals,

1032
01:02:41,459 --> 01:02:43,751
in control of all our actions and behaviors

1033
01:02:43,752 --> 01:02:47,998
that has been eroded away as we come to discover that this is,

1034
01:02:47,999 --> 01:02:49,918
in fact, is also not entirely true.

1035
01:02:49,919 --> 01:02:54,998
So, I think that the science has revealed the arrogance of the individualism,

1036
01:02:54,999 --> 01:02:57,998
the egocentrism that we have about our planet,

1037
01:02:57,999 --> 01:03:05,999
our species, and ourselves, is unwarranted.

1038
01:03:06,999 --> 01:03:08,083
(Jeff Bridges) Ecology.

1039
01:03:08,084 --> 01:03:13,417
It's a word derived from the Greek 'oikos', or 'household'.

1040
01:03:13,418 --> 01:03:20,999
It's the study of the relationships that interlink all the members of the Earth's household.

1041
01:03:25,000 --> 01:03:29,458
We can't think of ecology as only existing over there, beyond,

1042
01:03:29,459 --> 01:03:35,960
because it has no boundaries and is in a state of constant flux.

1043
01:03:35,961 --> 01:03:37,626
Ecology is intimate,

1044
01:03:37,627 --> 01:03:41,250
coming right up to our skin, and through it.

1045
01:03:41,251 --> 01:03:42,084
It's permeable, and borderless.

1046
01:03:42,085 --> 01:03:45,208
It's permeable, and borderless.

1047
01:03:45,209 --> 01:03:48,250
And, chaotic.

1048
01:03:48,251 --> 01:03:50,667
The internal and the external

1049
01:03:50,668 --> 01:03:56,208
are always entwined.

1050
01:03:56,209 --> 01:04:00,876
So, when we speak about sustainability,

1051
01:04:00,877 --> 01:04:04,125
what is it that we hope to sustain?

1052
01:04:16,668 --> 01:04:21,626
(Timothy Morton) [british accent]

1053
01:04:21,627 --> 01:04:23,960
Philosophy is everywhere.

1054
01:04:23,961 --> 01:04:30,876
Everything, in a way, was a dream in someone's head, in built space.

1055
01:04:30,877 --> 01:04:36,709
Thought isn't just something that's in here, thought is everywhere.

1056
01:04:36,710 --> 01:04:39,083
(Rich Pancost) The story that we live in right now

1057
01:04:39,084 --> 01:04:45,417
is that we grow the economy by consuming goods

1058
01:04:45,418 --> 01:04:49,542
and in particular, consuming goods

1059
01:04:49,543 --> 01:04:51,709
that exist in limited quantities.

1060
01:04:51,710 --> 01:04:55,998
We have the tendency as meaning-making,

1061
01:04:55,999 --> 01:04:57,542
story-making

1062
01:04:57,543 --> 01:05:04,166
people, creatures, to have characters, to have protagonists who are

1063
01:05:04,167 --> 01:05:06,124
the villains, and who are

1064
01:05:06,125 --> 01:05:08,918
the heroes and the rescuers, and

1065
01:05:08,919 --> 01:05:11,751
that's deep in our human psyche,

1066
01:05:11,752 --> 01:05:14,998
and that's how we tend to make sense of the world.

1067
01:05:14,999 --> 01:05:20,041
And the tendency, very understandably, is to

1068
01:05:20,042 --> 01:05:23,793
create villains, such as corporations

1069
01:05:23,794 --> 01:05:29,208
or oil industries, and to create heroes, the eco-warriors.

1070
01:05:29,209 --> 01:05:32,834
While that's understandable, what it's actually doing

1071
01:05:32,835 --> 01:05:39,542
is it's creating a bit of an exemption story where we as individuals

1072
01:05:39,543 --> 01:05:47,543
are somewhat exempt or somewhat out of the story.

1073
01:05:47,627 --> 01:05:52,291
There's a lot of criticism in our culture right now

1074
01:05:52,292 --> 01:05:58,291
and that without capitalism, we wouldn't be impacting things.

1075
01:05:58,292 --> 01:06:00,627
And that's partially true.

1076
01:06:05,501 --> 01:06:06,998
(Jeff Bridges) Underpinning this system

1077
01:06:06,999 --> 01:06:14,375
is the optimal foraging instinct that resides in our animal natures.

1078
01:06:14,376 --> 01:06:15,960
Wolves, for instance,

1079
01:06:15,961 --> 01:06:21,291
they're better off running down an elk than spending the same amount of time and energy

1080
01:06:21,292 --> 01:06:25,751
chasing a mouse, or a rabbit.

1081
01:06:25,752 --> 01:06:27,333
They're more evolutionarily fit

1082
01:06:27,334 --> 01:06:31,417
and have more calories to raise their offspring.

1083
01:06:31,418 --> 01:06:33,500
[howling]

1084
01:06:33,501 --> 01:06:35,998
The same dynamic is in humans.

1085
01:06:35,999 --> 01:06:40,998
We like to invest a little and get more in return.

1086
01:06:40,999 --> 01:06:47,083
We do this in stock markets, when we get a 20% discount on shoes,

1087
01:06:47,084 --> 01:06:49,918
a two-for-one cocktail at happy hour,

1088
01:06:49,919 --> 01:06:55,417
or a steal of a deal buying a house on some special foreclosure.

1089
01:06:55,418 --> 01:07:00,208
Capitalism isn't entirely good or bad.

1090
01:07:00,209 --> 01:07:06,250
Capitalism is in service of the super-organism.

1091
01:07:06,251 --> 01:07:09,999
Together we're functioning like a gigantic wolf pack,

1092
01:07:10,000 --> 01:07:16,834
hungry for more energy.

1093
01:07:16,835 --> 01:07:22,751
One of the many causes of war is actually the shortage of energy.

1094
01:07:22,752 --> 01:07:24,542
[explosion]

1095
01:07:24,543 --> 01:07:29,999
[engines burning]

1096
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:33,333
[british accent] Energy is always flowing from,

1097
01:07:33,334 --> 01:07:36,998
a compacted stated to a less compacted state.

1098
01:07:36,999 --> 01:07:38,998
[explosion]

1099
01:07:38,999 --> 01:07:43,124
Entropy is how things are constantly running down to zero.

1100
01:07:43,125 --> 01:07:47,793
We can't actually create a machine that reverses entropy.

1101
01:07:47,794 --> 01:07:52,960
Entropy is why time seems to only be going in one direction.

1102
01:07:52,961 --> 01:07:59,998
Entropy is why you've never seen a broken glass reassemble as a perfect glass.

1103
01:07:59,999 --> 01:08:05,291
And if you're looking for the perfect ecological machine that will actually, fully

1104
01:08:05,292 --> 01:08:09,751
put the energy back in to the system that the machine has sucked out of it,

1105
01:08:09,752 --> 01:08:13,999
you're going to be waiting until after the end of the universe.

1106
01:08:21,999 --> 01:08:25,751
So, you always have to leave room in your analysis

1107
01:08:25,752 --> 01:08:29,041
of animals, and animals in the broad sense -

1108
01:08:29,042 --> 01:08:33,997
of thinking that we're always going to do the right thing,

1109
01:08:33,999 --> 01:08:37,792
all of our actions, our foraging strategies and everything else,

1110
01:08:37,794 --> 01:08:42,500
and we can extrapolate from there because if we had everything right,

1111
01:08:42,501 --> 01:08:43,292
there wouldn't be any problems.

1112
01:08:43,292 --> 01:08:51,292
There'd be no poverty, there'd be no climate change, there'd be no warfare.

1113
01:08:52,000 --> 01:08:54,626
Where you sit determines where you stand,

1114
01:08:54,627 --> 01:08:55,542
and if you're

1115
01:08:55,544 --> 01:08:59,667
if you're all tied up in any particular

1116
01:08:59,667 --> 01:09:05,997
and you see your future there,

1117
01:09:05,999 --> 01:09:08,500
There's no such thing as a free market. I hope

1118
01:09:08,501 --> 01:09:13,041
people can understand that, because if there were free markets,

1119
01:09:13,042 --> 01:09:15,417
you'd end up the way we ended up

1120
01:09:15,417 --> 01:09:17,834
in the late 1800s,

1121
01:09:17,835 --> 01:09:24,417
with a few very powerful trusts controlling all of America.

1122
01:09:24,417 --> 01:09:29,709
Without government helping us shape the market forces,

1123
01:09:29,710 --> 01:09:32,709
the market forces will be taken

1124
01:09:32,710 --> 01:09:37,626
by the very short-term requirements that are placed on them

1125
01:09:37,627 --> 01:09:37,999
by us.

1126
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:41,667
By our need to go to the filling station and get the cheapest fuel.

1127
01:09:41,667 --> 01:09:46,250
By the need for the pension fund to get its 8% return,

1128
01:09:46,251 --> 01:09:47,417
no matter what it's investing in.

1129
01:09:47,417 --> 01:09:52,917
Really tough to earn the six or seven percent, or eight percent, per year

1130
01:09:52,919 --> 01:09:57,333
that were in those actuarial calculations when the pension funds were established.

1131
01:09:57,334 --> 01:10:03,166
So, it's not some foreign institution that makes us be short-term focused,

1132
01:10:03,167 --> 01:10:04,125
it's, it's us.

1133
01:10:04,126 --> 01:10:05,834
(White House Reporter) Why didn't the administration

1134
01:10:05,835 --> 01:10:09,584
anticipate the, uh, energy crisis several years ago?

1135
01:10:09,585 --> 01:10:12,998
Or formulate a positive action plan to do something about it?

1136
01:10:12,999 --> 01:10:18,083
(Wesley Clark) Have to bring a different perspective to this.

1137
01:10:18,084 --> 01:10:20,918
A couple of years ago, I asked a member of congress.

1138
01:10:20,919 --> 01:10:23,998
'What's the toughest issue you're dealing with?

1139
01:10:23,999 --> 01:10:25,250
Right now?'

1140
01:10:25,251 --> 01:10:26,209
And she said,

1141
01:10:26,210 --> 01:10:31,998
Federal subsidies for seashore flood insurance,

1142
01:10:31,999 --> 01:10:35,667
because we've always subsidized it, and,

1143
01:10:35,668 --> 01:10:37,542
the cost of the subsidies is going way up,

1144
01:10:37,543 --> 01:10:44,834
and people insist on buying these homes that are subject to tidal erosion and flooding,

1145
01:10:44,835 --> 01:10:47,041
'and to destruction, ultimately.'

1146
01:10:47,042 --> 01:10:52,998
There isn t transparent accountable pricing for all the impacts

1147
01:10:52,999 --> 01:10:55,998
of the burning of fossil fuels.

1148
01:10:55,999 --> 01:11:01,960
The markets aren't working right. And once those costs are revealed,

1149
01:11:01,961 --> 01:11:05,458
and put at the meter, and put on the pump,

1150
01:11:05,459 --> 01:11:10,834
then consumers will make choices that are in their self-interest.

1151
01:11:10,835 --> 01:11:15,876
We'll be making transportation fuel on our roofs.

1152
01:11:15,877 --> 01:11:20,041
Of course, I'm not saying that we get to Nirvana and we don't have any war.

1153
01:11:20,042 --> 01:11:22,417
One of the causes of war would be less,

1154
01:11:22,418 --> 01:11:25,542
because energy would be more abundantly available

1155
01:11:25,543 --> 01:11:29,999
and more distributed around the world.

1156
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:34,918
(Jeff Bridges) If we're going to live up to our name,

1157
01:11:34,919 --> 01:11:36,083
which means wise man,

1158
01:11:36,084 --> 01:11:39,998
we'll have to understand our subconscious motivations,

1159
01:11:39,999 --> 01:11:45,250
our unconscious desires and justifications,

1160
01:11:45,251 --> 01:11:51,667
and the true cost of energy.

1161
01:11:51,668 --> 01:11:54,291
(Timothy Morton) [british accent]

1162
01:11:54,292 --> 01:12:01,793
Decisions about how to live in the world that people in the past made.

1163
01:12:01,794 --> 01:12:03,041
It may be technically true

1164
01:12:03,042 --> 01:12:06,584
that we don't know everything about where our food came from.

1165
01:12:06,585 --> 01:12:10,124
We tell ourselves it's difficult, but just read the back of the packet.

1166
01:12:10,125 --> 01:12:14,208
It tells you what it is, and you can figure out where it came from.

1167
01:12:14,209 --> 01:12:19,998
On Google.

1168
01:12:19,999 --> 01:12:26,998
From what countries do the raw materials

1169
01:12:26,999 --> 01:12:28,998
Hey there you go!

1170
01:12:28,999 --> 01:12:32,333
Oh here's... how 'bout this, the commodity chain.

1171
01:12:32,334 --> 01:12:34,501
[explosions]

1172
01:12:42,919 --> 01:12:45,667
(Timothy Morton) [british accent]

1173
01:12:45,668 --> 01:12:48,458
Turn on certain parts of our brain,

1174
01:12:48,459 --> 01:12:50,291
or inspire certain kinds of attitude,

1175
01:12:50,292 --> 01:12:54,876
or inculcate certain kinds of response, so however we want to talk about it,

1176
01:12:54,877 --> 01:12:58,998
we could think of the kind of fire that consumerism lights up in us

1177
01:12:58,999 --> 01:13:02,751
with all of the desires, as a kind of gateway to more desires

1178
01:13:02,752 --> 01:13:09,626
that might be actually more interesting and more in sync with other life forms.

1179
01:13:09,627 --> 01:13:13,999
[british accent] When you think about the universe

1180
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:21,918
well that simply changes your whole perspective about what it is to be alive.

1181
01:13:21,919 --> 01:13:24,250
All living systems require energy.

1182
01:13:24,251 --> 01:13:27,208
As individuals, if we think more strategically

1183
01:13:27,209 --> 01:13:29,998
about how we're using the planet's energy,

1184
01:13:29,999 --> 01:13:32,793
life would be better for every living thing.

1185
01:13:32,794 --> 01:13:38,500
[british accent] You know, individual behavior can emerge

1186
01:13:38,501 --> 01:13:41,998
Emergence is, sort of, interactive.

1187
01:13:41,999 --> 01:13:46,333
We don't need 24/7 access to energy,

1188
01:13:46,334 --> 01:13:50,083
we need 24/7 access to feelings.

1189
01:13:50,084 --> 01:13:54,998
If we can just approach each other

1190
01:13:54,999 --> 01:14:00,291
that comes way too often when we come to environmental topics,

1191
01:14:00,292 --> 01:14:03,083
and say, 'Alright, we're looking for something to work.'

1192
01:14:03,084 --> 01:14:06,793
One of the important aspects of the evolution of cooperation

1193
01:14:06,794 --> 01:14:09,291
is the development of complex moral emotions.

1194
01:14:09,292 --> 01:14:13,166
So, sympathy, empathy, compassion, and these are the key.

1195
01:14:13,167 --> 01:14:19,250
I think this is vital to our understanding of the human condition.

1196
01:14:19,251 --> 01:14:21,458
The morphological adaptations that we have

1197
01:14:21,459 --> 01:14:24,998
are simply reflections of where our ancestors arose on the planet.

1198
01:14:24,999 --> 01:14:27,500
How much sun did they get? How much oxygen was in the air?

1199
01:14:27,501 --> 01:14:30,960
These determined the shapes of their skulls, the color of their skin.

1200
01:14:30,961 --> 01:14:35,626
But it has nothing to do with the inherent essence of what it means to be human.

1201
01:14:35,627 --> 01:14:42,083
Because we're all the same species.

1202
01:14:42,084 --> 01:14:45,542
It's been a pretty wonderful journey for mankind, but

1203
01:14:45,543 --> 01:14:46,998
but boy, what a wonderful

1204
01:14:46,999 --> 01:14:51,041
set of issues to have to wrestle with, going forward.

1205
01:14:51,042 --> 01:14:54,250
We don't even have to get to Alpha Centauri

1206
01:14:54,251 --> 01:14:56,626
to find these issues and learn about ourselves.

1207
01:14:56,627 --> 01:15:00,124
It's about how do we look at long-term problems?

1208
01:15:00,125 --> 01:15:05,960
Can we embody the wisdom that we feel is inherent here,

1209
01:15:05,961 --> 01:15:11,998
and move into the future, wisely?

1210
01:15:11,999 --> 01:15:14,124
In our council at Onondaga,

1211
01:15:14,125 --> 01:15:16,542
when we look into the future,

1212
01:15:16,543 --> 01:15:21,250
we address ourselves and say, 'Swyonisu.'

1213
01:15:21,251 --> 01:15:23,458
Across the fire.

1214
01:15:23,459 --> 01:15:26,291
Swyonisu.

1215
01:15:26,292 --> 01:15:31,166
And I asked one of the old chiefs, my uncle, I said,

1216
01:15:31,167 --> 01:15:33,709
'What does that actually mean?'

1217
01:15:33,710 --> 01:15:35,998
He says, 'It means the leaders.' And I said,

1218
01:15:35,999 --> 01:15:39,793
'No, what's the real, literal translation?'

1219
01:15:39,794 --> 01:15:46,998
He says, 'It means, 'You Who Look Far in the Future.''

1220
01:15:46,999 --> 01:15:48,998
[nasa] We have a lift off.

1221
01:15:48,999 --> 01:15:51,998
Houston... [indiscernible voice]

1222
01:15:51,999 --> 01:15:54,041
The Eagle has landed.

1223
01:15:54,042 --> 01:15:59,333
(Jeff Bridges) Astronaut Neil Armstrong,

1224
01:15:59,334 --> 01:16:04,998
when he returned from one of mankind's greatest engineering achievements, stated,

1225
01:16:04,999 --> 01:16:10,250
'I felt the successful lunar landing might inspire men around the world,'

1226
01:16:10,251 --> 01:16:13,999
to believe that impossible goals are possible.

1227
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:20,083
'That there really is hope for the future of mankind.'

1228
01:16:20,084 --> 01:16:23,333
We are living in the future's past.

1229
01:16:23,334 --> 01:16:28,083
The relative odds of future outcomes change every second.

1230
01:16:28,084 --> 01:16:35,998
The world we all live in is not larger than the sum of its parts.

1231
01:16:35,999 --> 01:16:39,998
Each part is neither the center or the edge.

1232
01:16:39,999 --> 01:16:44,709
It's a bustling world, a household of beings,

1233
01:16:44,710 --> 01:16:48,626
colleagues, both human and non-human,

1234
01:16:48,627 --> 01:16:50,876
animate and inanimate,

1235
01:16:50,877 --> 01:16:52,960
over which we have influence,

1236
01:16:52,961 --> 01:16:57,166
but, in turn, influence us.

1237
01:16:57,167 --> 01:17:03,667
Physical realities exist, regardless of our desires.

1238
01:17:03,668 --> 01:17:07,751
Seemingly insignificant actions taken collectively

1239
01:17:07,752 --> 01:17:10,668
have led us to this moment.

1240
01:17:15,166 --> 01:17:19,500
Everything is a system of relationships.

1241
01:17:19,501 --> 01:17:23,041
And it's not easy to see the connections.

1242
01:17:23,041 --> 01:17:27,291
The connections between the paint on a barn,

1243
01:17:27,291 --> 01:17:29,998
the indifferent asphalt,

1244
01:17:29,999 --> 01:17:31,666
a press conference,

1245
01:17:31,668 --> 01:17:38,416
or to see the invisible links between human expectations,

1246
01:17:38,418 --> 01:17:42,709
human vulnerability,

1247
01:17:42,710 --> 01:17:46,166
human memory,

1248
01:17:46,166 --> 01:17:52,333
and the fragility of life itself.

1249
01:17:52,334 --> 01:17:56,998
No, it requires effort.

1250
01:17:56,999 --> 01:17:59,960
Energy comes in many forms.

1251
01:17:59,961 --> 01:18:06,208
It's both the means and the ends of all our pursuits.

1252
01:18:06,209 --> 01:18:11,918
All of us held in the arms of the atmosphere.

1253
01:18:11,919 --> 01:18:17,998
We don't have to be poets, scientists, superheroes, or saints.

1254
01:18:17,999 --> 01:18:22,584
Each of us can think about how we think.

1255
01:18:22,585 --> 01:18:26,416
Could the solution we're looking for be inside us?

1256
01:18:26,418 --> 01:18:27,918
We're humankind. Could the solution we're looking for

1257
01:18:27,919 --> 01:18:30,998
We're humankind.

1258
01:18:30,999 --> 01:18:36,666
Ingenuity is in our DNA, and we can visualize.

1259
01:18:36,668 --> 01:18:39,876
What kind of future would you like to see?

1260
01:18:39,877 --> 01:18:41,208
What are you willing to contribute towards creating that future?

1261
01:18:41,209 --> 01:18:45,083
What are you willing to contribute towards creating that future?

1262
01:18:45,084 --> 01:18:48,876
Ask yourself, 'What am I willing to do?'

1263
01:18:48,877 --> 01:18:52,793
And not something that requires more effort than you're willing to make,

1264
01:18:52,794 --> 01:18:56,998
and not some small contribution that just scratches the guilt itch

1265
01:18:56,999 --> 01:18:58,999
but doesn't get the job done.

1266
01:18:59,000 --> 01:19:00,375
No. Ask yourself,

1267
01:19:00,376 --> 01:19:04,834
What am I willing to contribute, that comes natural to me?

1268
01:19:04,835 --> 01:19:09,375
Something that I can sustain until the challenge has been met.

1269
01:19:09,376 --> 01:19:11,998
Something that fits into my life.

1270
01:19:11,999 --> 01:19:14,998
My profession, my hobbies.

1271
01:19:14,999 --> 01:19:19,500
Fits in with my relationships.

1272
01:19:19,501 --> 01:19:24,166
Something that's a part of who I am.

1273
01:19:24,166 --> 01:19:30,834
Yeah, you know, each of us is unique. Each of us has a gift.

1274
01:19:30,835 --> 01:19:34,333
A strength that we can direct towards creating

1275
01:19:34,334 --> 01:19:38,998
this world that we'd like to see in our future.

1276
01:19:38,999 --> 01:19:44,998
That we'd like to see in our kids' and descendants' future.

1277
01:19:44,999 --> 01:19:48,751
We love our kids, right?

1278
01:19:48,752 --> 01:19:56,333
A quote from the religious philosopher, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, comes to mind:

1279
01:19:56,334 --> 01:19:58,918
'After mastering the winds,

1280
01:19:58,919 --> 01:20:02,834
'the waves, the tides, and gravity,

1281
01:20:02,835 --> 01:20:08,124
'we shall harness for God the energy of love.

1282
01:20:08,125 --> 01:20:15,124
'And then, for a second time in the History of the world,

1283
01:20:15,125 --> 01:20:20,334
man will have discovered fire.'